“…Self-potentials rely on electrokinetic coupling and proved to be efficient for characterizing groundwater resources and mapping contamination plumes, since those signals are directly sensitive to hydrological fluxes [Fournier, 1989;Titov et al, 2002;Pinettes et al, 2002;Maineult et al, 2004;Jouniaux et al, 2009;Desroches and Butler, 2016] and solute transport [Maineult et al, 2005;Kabir et al, 2015;Giampaolo et al, 2016]. Self-potentials appeared especially useful to estimate fluid flow [Jouniaux et al, 1999;Sailhac et al, 2004;Rangarajan et al, 2014], to detect propagating vapor-front during oil-extraction processes [e.g., Saunders et al, 2008], to detect hydrothermal flows [Mauri et al, 2010;Brothelande et al, 2014;Gonzales et al, 2014], to map advected reacting redox fronts [Maineult et al, 2006a,b], and to provide a tool to evaluate the evolution of the corrosion of metallic casings [Maineult, 2016]. Self-potentials are also often associated with natural hydrothermal circulation [Ishido and Pritchett, 1999;Matsushima et al, 2000;Jouniaux and Ishido, 2012;Monetti et al, 2014].…”