Time‐lapse monitoring of rock properties with coda wave interferometry

Grêt, Alexandre; Snieder, Roel; Scales, John A.

doi:10.1029/2004jb003354

Cited by 156 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…A similar behaviour is also observed in buildings, where the normal-mode frequencies or velocity of travelling waves is reduced after the building has been shaken by an earthquake (Clinton et al 2006;Nakata et al 2013Nakata et al , 2015. Because of the high accuracy (about 0.05 per cent) of measurements of velocity changes with coda waves (Poupinet et al 1984;Snieder et al 2002;Grêt et al 2006;Hadziioannou et al 2009), it is now possible to monitor time-lapse velocity changes in detail. Apart from changing the wave velocity, the shaking of rocks has also led to observed changes in the attenuation (Sato 1986(Sato , 1988.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The time dependence of rock healing as a universal relaxation process, a tutorial

Snieder

Sens‐Schönfelder

Wu³

2016

Geophys. J. Int.

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110

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S U M M A R YThe material properties of earth materials often change after the material has been perturbed (slow dynamics). For example, the seismic velocity of subsurface materials changes after earthquakes, and granular materials compact after being shaken. Such relaxation processes are associated by observables that change logarithmically with time. Since the logarithm diverges for short and long times, the relaxation can, strictly speaking, not have a log-time dependence. We present a self-contained description of a relaxation function that consists of a superposition of decaying exponentials that has log-time behaviour for intermediate times, but converges to zero for long times, and is finite for t = 0. The relaxation function depends on two parameters, the minimum and maximum relaxation time. These parameters can, in principle, be extracted from the observed relaxation. As an example, we present a crude model of a fracture that is closing under an external stress. Although the fracture model violates some of the assumptions on which the relaxation function is based, it follows the relaxation function well. We provide qualitative arguments that the relaxation process, just like the Gutenberg-Richter law, is applicable to a wide range of systems and has universal properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The time dependence of rock healing as a universal relaxation process, a tutorial

Snieder

Sens‐Schönfelder

Wu³

2016

Geophys. J. Int.

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110

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“…To obtain information about Earth's interior, it is important to monitor temporal changes associated with the subsurface structure because seismic velocity is sensitive to stress states and rock properties (e.g., Grêt et al 2006). Comparing coda waves from identical sources is a useful method of estimating temporal changes in seismic velocity (e.g., Snieder et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of temporal changes in seismic velocity caused by volcanic activity in and around Hakone volcano, central Japan, using ambient seismic noise records

Yukutake

Ueno

Miyaoka³

2016

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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Autocorrelation functions (ACFs) for ambient seismic noise are considered to be useful tools for estimating temporal changes in the subsurface structure. Velocity changes at Hakone volcano in central Japan, where remarkable swarm activity has often been observed, were investigated in this study. Significant velocity changes were detected during two seismic activities in 2011 and 2013. The 2011 activity began immediately after the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, suggesting remote triggering by the dynamic stress changes resulting from the earthquake. During the 2013 activity, which exhibited swarm-like features, crustal deformations were detected by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations and tiltmeters, suggesting a pressure increment of a Mogi point source at a depth of 7 km and two shallow open cracks. Waveforms that were bandpass-filtered between 1 and 3 Hz were used to calculate ACFs using a one-bit correlation technique. Fluctuations in the velocity structure were obtained using the stretching method. A gradual decrease in the velocity structure was observed prior to the 2013 activity at the KOM station near the central cone of the caldera, which started after the onset of crustal expansion observed by the GNSS stations. Additionally, a sudden significant velocity decrease was observed at the OWD station near a fumarolic area just after the onset of the 2013 activity and the tilt changes. The changes in the stress and strain caused by the deformation sources were likely the main contributors to these decreases in velocity. The precursory velocity reduction at the KOM station likely resulted from the inflation of the deep Mogi source, whereas the sudden velocity decrease at the OWD station may reflect changes in the strain caused by the shallow open-crack source. Rapid velocity decreases were also detected at many stations in and around the volcano after the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake. The velocity changes may reflect the redistribution of hydrothermal fluid in response to the large stress perturbation caused by the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake.

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“…Multiply scattered and converted waves can be extremely sensitive to the properties of the medium through which they travel (Gret et al, 2006;Snieder, 2006). They illuminate targets from a wider variety of directions than do primaries, and may be strongly affected by perturbations or errors in average velocity estimates because they have longer path lengths through the medium compared to primaries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear scattering based imaging in elastic media: Theory, theorems, and imaging conditions

Ravasi

Curtis

2013

GEOPHYSICS

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With the more widespread introduction of multicomponent recording devices in land and marine ocean-bottom seismic acquisition, elastic imaging may become mainstream in coming years. We have derived new, nonlinear, elastic imaging conditions. A correlation-type representation theorem for perturbed elastic media, commonly used in seismic interferometry to explain how a scattered wave response between two receivers/ sources may be predicted given a boundary of sources/receivers, can be considered as a starting point for the derivation. Here, we use this theorem to derive and interpret imaging conditions for elastic migration by wavefield extrapolation (e.g., elastic reverse-time migration). Some approximations lead to a known, heuristically derived imaging condition that crosscorrelates P-and S-wave potentials that are separated in the subsurface after full-wavefield extrapolation. This formal connection reveals that the nonapproximated correlation-type representation theorem can be interpreted as a nonlinear imaging condition, that accounts also for multiply scattered and multiply converted waves, properly focusing such energy at each image point. We present a synthetic data example using either an ideal (acquisition on a full, closed boundary) or a real (partial boundary) seismic exploration survey, and we demonstrate the importance of nonlinearities in pure-and converted-mode imaging. In PP imaging, they result in better illumination and artifact reduction, whereas in PS imaging they show how zero time-lag and zero space-lag crosscorrelation imaging conditions are not ideal for imaging of converted-mode waves because no conversion arises from zero-offset experiments.

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Time‐lapse monitoring of rock properties with coda wave interferometry

Cited by 156 publications

References 58 publications

The time dependence of rock healing as a universal relaxation process, a tutorial

The time dependence of rock healing as a universal relaxation process, a tutorial

Determination of temporal changes in seismic velocity caused by volcanic activity in and around Hakone volcano, central Japan, using ambient seismic noise records

Nonlinear scattering based imaging in elastic media: Theory, theorems, and imaging conditions

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