Time-Lapse Filtering and Improved Repeatability with Automatic Factorial Co-Kriging, AFACK

Maximizing the value of existing seismic data in the Bahrain Field with wide-azimuth processing technology

“…The automatic factorial co-kriging technique developed by Coleou (2002) has been adapted for azimuthal anisot- breakthrough from the underlying layers or from the near injectors, and in others fractures provide the main conduits to the oil flow. So fault mapping and fracture characterization are crucial, especially in the enhanced oil recovery phase of field development.…”

On the use of geostatistical filtering techniques in seismic processing

“…It works with the decomposition of the variogram and cross-variogram models. Coléou (2002) has shown how automatic factorial co-kriging provides spatial filters which yield a decomposition of two sets of data into their common part and their spatially independent residuals without the need for variogram modeling. Given two datasets Z 1 and Z 2 we define a common part S and spatially independent residuals R 1 and R 2 by:…”

“…When redundancy of seismic data exists factorial cokriging enables the estimation of (1) a common part, based on the common spatial behavior, and (2) the differences relative to the common part of the input data. Coléou (2002) first introduced the automatic implementation of factorial co-kriging (AFACK) as a filtering technique for the time-lapse (4D) processing sequence. It was specifically designed to optimize the critical time-lapse information such as the repeatability and the 4D seismic signature.…”

Integrated fracture characterization from seismic processing to reservoir modeling

“…The automatic factorial co-kriging technique developed by Coléou, (2002) has been adapted for azimuthal anisotropy. In this case, azimuth-limited seismic cubes, or attributes derived from these (such as average amplitudes, NMO velocities, AVO attributes, elastic impedances, …), form the multi-dimensional input.…”

“…A similar azimuthal variation is derived for elastic impedances. Coléou (2002) developed a geostatistical method aimed at decomposing 4D seismic data into (1) a geological "common part" and (2) the random and spatially organized noise such as acquisition footprints. Here, the technique is adapted to azimuth-limited seismic cubes to produce the noise-free anisotropic signal, which forms the input to the inversion of anisotropy parameters.…”