Time Estimation of a Secondary Event

Tsao, Yao-Chung; Wittlieb, Elke; Miller, Barbara; Wang, Tsai-Guey

doi:10.2466/pms.1983.57.3f.1051

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although Essman (1958) found that a problem-solving task lengthened perceived time, most other studies report that effortful cognitive tasks shorten perceived time. For example, intervals spent performing demanding attentional tasks (Brown, 1985, Experiment 2;Tsao, Wittlieb, Miller, & Wang, 1983) or memory tasks (Fortin & Breton, 1995, Experiment I;Hicks & Brundige, 1974) are associated with a shortening of perceived time and/or more error in time judgments relative to control conditions. Fortin and colleagues (Fortin & Rousseau, 1987;Fortin et aI., 1993, Experiment I) studied memory search tasks and found that the more mental comparisons required, the progressively shorter the perceived time (longer temporal productions).…”

Section: Interference Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Brown

1997

Perception & Psychophysics

524

504

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Three experiments examined interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal tasks. The timing task in each experiment required subjects to generate a series of 2-or 5-sec temporal productions. The nontemporal tasks were pursuit rotor tracking (Experiment 1), visual search (Experiment 2), and mental arithmetic (Experiment 3). Each nontemporal task had two levels of difficulty. All tasks were performed under both single-and dual-task conditions. A simple attentional allocation model predicts bidirectional interference between concurrent tasks. The main results showed the classic interference effect in timing. That is, the concurrent nontemporal tasks caused temporal productions to become longer (longer productions represent a shortening of perceived time) and/or more variable than did timing-onlyconditions. In general, the difficult version of each nontemporal task disrupted timing more than the easier version. The timing data also exhibited a serial lengthening effect, in which temporal productions became longer across trials. Nontemporal task performance showed a mixed pattern. Tracking and visual search were essentially unaffected by the addition of a timing task, whereas mental arithmetic was disrupted by concurrent timing. These results call for a modification of the attentional allocation model to incorporate the idea of specialized processing resources. Two major theoretical frameworks-multiple resource theory and the working memory model-are critically evaluated with respect to the resource demands of timing and temporal/nontemporal dual-task performance.The interference effect is one of the most consistent findings in the time perception literature. The effect refers to a disruption in timing that occurs when subjects are required to perform some demanding nontemporal task during the interval. The usual result is that perceived time becomes shortened. Because of differences between time judgment methods (see below), this effect is manifested as either shorter verbal estimations and reproductions or longer temporal productions. Time judgments also may display more error and variability under nontemporal task conditions than under control (no-task) conditions. This paper explores the nature of this effect, with special reference to the role ofattentional processes in timing. First, a review of the empirical and theoretical work in the area is presented, and issues involving mutual interference between temporal and nontemporal processing are raised. Three experiments designed to address these issues are reported. The paper concludes with a discussion centering on the relationship between timing and current models of attentional resources.

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Section: Interference Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Brown

1997

Perception & Psychophysics

524

504

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“…Numerous verbal tasks have been shown to interfere with timing, including the Stroop color-word task (Sawyer, Meyers, & Huser, 1994;Zakay, 1989Zakay, , 1993Zakay & Fallach, 1984), anagram problems (DeWolfe & Duncan, 1959;Kee, Morris, Bathurst, & Hellige, 1986;Sawyer et al, 1994), and proofreading (S. W. . Tasks emphasizing attentional processes (S. W. Brown, 1985;Tsao, Wittlieb, Miller, & Wang, 1983) and shortterm memory (Fortin & Breton, 1995;Fortin & Rous-1 Verbal estimations and reproductions have an inverse relationship with productions. In the ®rst two methods, an interval is presented and the subject judges its length by either stating the judgment in terms of clock units (verbal estimation) or duplicating the interval by marking the beginning and end points of the estimate (reproduction).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automaticity versus timesharing in timing and tracking dual-task performance

Brown

1998

Psychological Research

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Two experiments investigated the interfering eects of a manual tracking task on timing performance. Subjects generated a series of 5-s temporal productions under control (timing only) and experimental (timing + pursuit rotor tracking) conditions. Timing was more variable under experimental conditions, a ®nding consistent with attentional models which argue that timing tasks compete with concurrent distractor tasks for limited processing resources. A pretest-posttest paradigm was employed to evaluate the hypothesis that practice on the tracking task would lessen its attentional demands and thereby attenuate the interference eect. Experiment 1 involved single-task practice (tracking alone). Single-task practice leads to automaticity, the ability to perform a skilled task using fewer processing resources. Pretest-posttest comparisons showed that such practice reduced interference in timing. Experiment 2 involved dual-task practice (timing + tracking). Dualtask practice promotes the development of timesharing, the ability to eciently switch attention between multiple tasks. In this case, practice failed to reduce the interference eect in timing. The results suggest that eective strategies for timing in dual-task situations must allow one to closely monitor the ongoing¯ow of temporal events.

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“…This should come as no surprise to those whom have ever experienced the phenomenon of "time flies when you are having fun" or an extremely "slow" day due to low levels of activity or required effort. In fact, Tsao, Wittlieb, Miller & Wang (1983) discovered that higher levels cognitive workload and mental processing were correlated with an underestimation of the passage of time. Specifically, they pointed out that the level of engagement of the subject and the relative demand on cognitive processes influenced the overall estimation of the time interval.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Predictive Model of Cognitive Performance Under Acceleration Stress

McKinley

2010

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series

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A Predictive Model of Cognitive Performance under Acceleration StressExtreme acceleration maneuvers encountered in modern agile fighter aircraft can wreak havoc on human physiology thereby significantly influencing cognitive task performance. Increased acceleration causes a shift in local arterial blood pressure and profusion causing declines in regional cerebral oxygen saturation. As oxygen content continues to decline, activity of high order cortical tissue reduces to ensure sufficient metabolic resources are available for critical life-sustaining autonomic functions.Consequently, cognitive abilities reliant on these affected areas suffer significant performance degradations.This goal of this effort was to develop and validate a model capable of predicting human cognitive performance under acceleration stress. An Air Force program entitled, "Human Information Processing in Dynamic Environments (HIPDE)" evaluated cognitive performance across twelve tasks under various levels of acceleration stress.Data sets from this program were leveraged for model development and validation.Development began with creation of a proportional control cardiovascular model that produced predictions of several hemodynamic parameters including eye-level blood pressure. The relationship between eye-level blood pressure and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO 2 ) was defined and validated with objective data from two different HIPDE experiments. An algorithm was derived to relate changes in rSO 2 within specific brain structures to performance on cognitive tasks that require engagement of iv different brain areas. Data from two acceleration profiles (3 and 7 G z ) in the Motion Inference experiment were used in algorithm development while the data from the remaining two profiles (5 and 7 G z SACM) verified model predictions. Data from the "precision timing" experiment were then used to validate the model predicting cognitive performance on the precision timing task as a function of G z profile. Agreement between the measured and predicted values were defined as a correlation coefficient close to 1, yet complex factor in overall system design. Moreover, many find it convenient to develop the mechanical system separately from the HO and then rectify the interface between the two as the system is being prepared for production. One of the central issues contributing to this ill-advised strategy is the inability of the designer to easily change the inherent characteristics of the human entity. Should a material used in the "skin" of an aircraft react inappropriately to extreme temperature changes, the material can be replaced with an alternative material with properties that allow it to remain inert and invariable with respect to temperature. However, the human element cannot be replaced with a stronger, faster or lighter component. The HO performance characteristics can only be augmented to a limited extent with modern technology, training, and procedures.However, even with the assistance of such technology aids, the HO often reac...

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Time Estimation of a Secondary Event

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Automaticity versus timesharing in timing and tracking dual-task performance

A Predictive Model of Cognitive Performance Under Acceleration Stress

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