Time Estimation and the Experience of Time in Endogenous Depression (Melancholia): An Experimental Investigation

Kuhs, H.; Hermann, W.; Kammer, K.; Tölle, Rainer

doi:10.1159/000284690

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This reliance on central resources is why time judgment performance is often used as an indicator of overall cognitive function. In fact, timing is so sensitive to changes in cognitive processing that distorted time perception is a defining feature of many altered states of consciousness (Block, 1979;Ludwig, 1966;Tart, 1975) and is considered to be a classic symptom of various psychopathological conditions (e.g., Hibbard, Migliaccio, Goldstone, & Lhamon, 1975;Kuhs, Hermann, Kammer, & Tolle, 1991;Lhamon & Goldstone, 1973). Not coincidentally, these conditions are associated with major changes in general executive functioning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Brown

1997

Perception & Psychophysics

524

504

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Three experiments examined interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal tasks. The timing task in each experiment required subjects to generate a series of 2-or 5-sec temporal productions. The nontemporal tasks were pursuit rotor tracking (Experiment 1), visual search (Experiment 2), and mental arithmetic (Experiment 3). Each nontemporal task had two levels of difficulty. All tasks were performed under both single-and dual-task conditions. A simple attentional allocation model predicts bidirectional interference between concurrent tasks. The main results showed the classic interference effect in timing. That is, the concurrent nontemporal tasks caused temporal productions to become longer (longer productions represent a shortening of perceived time) and/or more variable than did timing-onlyconditions. In general, the difficult version of each nontemporal task disrupted timing more than the easier version. The timing data also exhibited a serial lengthening effect, in which temporal productions became longer across trials. Nontemporal task performance showed a mixed pattern. Tracking and visual search were essentially unaffected by the addition of a timing task, whereas mental arithmetic was disrupted by concurrent timing. These results call for a modification of the attentional allocation model to incorporate the idea of specialized processing resources. Two major theoretical frameworks-multiple resource theory and the working memory model-are critically evaluated with respect to the resource demands of timing and temporal/nontemporal dual-task performance.The interference effect is one of the most consistent findings in the time perception literature. The effect refers to a disruption in timing that occurs when subjects are required to perform some demanding nontemporal task during the interval. The usual result is that perceived time becomes shortened. Because of differences between time judgment methods (see below), this effect is manifested as either shorter verbal estimations and reproductions or longer temporal productions. Time judgments also may display more error and variability under nontemporal task conditions than under control (no-task) conditions. This paper explores the nature of this effect, with special reference to the role ofattentional processes in timing. First, a review of the empirical and theoretical work in the area is presented, and issues involving mutual interference between temporal and nontemporal processing are raised. Three experiments designed to address these issues are reported. The paper concludes with a discussion centering on the relationship between timing and current models of attentional resources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Brown

1997

Perception & Psychophysics

524

504

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“…Some studies have failed to find any evidence of disturbed duration judgments for different levels of depression (Bech, 1975;Hawkins, French, Crawford & Enzle, 1988;Kitamura & Kumar, 1984;Mezey & Cohen, 1961;Munzel, Gendner, Steinberg & Raith, 1988;Prabhu, Agrawal & Teja, 1969;Wyrick & Wyrick, 1997). Other studies, by contrast, have found that depressive mood disrupts time judgments by causing time distortions and/or by reducing sensitivity to time (Bschor et al, 2004;Grinker, Glucksman, Hirsch & Viseltear, 1973;Kitamura & Kumar, 1982;Kuhs, Hermann, Kammer & Tolle, 1991;Msetfi et al, 2012;Mun- , 1988;Rammsayer, 1990;Sévigny, Everett & Grondin, 2003;Tysk, 1984;Wyrick & Wyrick, 1977). However, where time distortions have been observed, they have more often taken the form of temporal shortening, rather than the temporal lengthening described in depressive patients' statements (e.g.…”

Section: Subjective Experience Of Time's Passage and Affective Disordersmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, where time distortions have been observed, they have more often taken the form of temporal shortening, rather than the temporal lengthening described in depressive patients' statements (e.g. Bschor et al, 2004;Grinker et al, 1973;Kuhs et al, 1991;Tysk, 1984). For instance, Grinker et al (1973) found that depressed individuals underestimated time, and that this underestimation increased with the severity of their depression.…”

Section: Subjective Experience Of Time's Passage and Affective Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time, Emotion and the Embodiment of Timing

Droit‐Volet

Fayolle

Lamotte

et al. 2013

Timing Time Percept

127

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The past few decades have seen an explosion in studies exploring the effects of emotion on time judgments. The aim of this review is to describe the results of these studies and to look at how they try to explain the time distortions produced by emotion. We begin by examining the findings on time judgments in affective disorders, which allow us to make a clear distinction between the feelings of time distortion that originate from introspection onto subjective personal experience, and the effects of emotion on the basic mechanisms involved in time perception. We then report the results of behavioral studies that have tested the effects of emotions on time perceptions and the temporal processing of different emotional stimuli (e.g. facial expressions, affective pictures or sounds). Finally, we describe our own studies of the embodiment of timing. Overall, the different results on time and emotion suggest that temporal distortions are an indicator of how our brain and body adapt to the dynamic structure of our environment.

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“…He postulated mechanisms in the central nervous system responsible for the intergration of successive events into a subjectively experienced time unit of a few seconds. Time perception is frequently altered in depression [10,20]. The results warrant further studies investigating specifically changes of time perception and decribed motor phenomena in depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Segmentation of Behavior and Time Structure of Movements in Depressed Patients

Lemke

Koethe

Schleidt³

2000

Psychopathology

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Psychomotor alterations are fundamental psychopathological features of major depression and observable components of behavior. Human behavior is segmented into action units with a duration of a few seconds. Cognitive and emotional dysfunctions in depression may affect the time structure of movements. Therefore, upper limb movements (total n = 707) of depressed patients and matched healtyh controls were studied using videotaped interviews and frame-by-frame analysis with an accuracy of 40 ms. Both groups displayed a similar temporal distribution, but nonrepetitive action units were significantly shorter (median = 1.16 s) and repetitive units longer (median = 4.92 s) in depressed patients compared to controls (median = 1.93 and 3.01, respectively). Movement alterations were related to anhedonia and subjective severity of depression. Altered time structure of movements represents an observable psychopathological sign and may be relevant for pathophysiological and behavioral aspects in depression.

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Time Estimation and the Experience of Time in Endogenous Depression (Melancholia): An Experimental Investigation

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks

Time, Emotion and the Embodiment of Timing

Segmentation of Behavior and Time Structure of Movements in Depressed Patients

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