Time domain reflectrometry: Calibration techniques for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties of various materials

Pettinelli, Elena; Cereti, A.; Galli, Alessandro; Bella, Francesco

doi:10.1063/1.1502015

Cited by 40 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A 2.5 cm thick PVC/Teflon lid with two 3 mm diameter holes was used to keep the rods parallel and at a fixed distance (Figure 6). A series of calibration tests have been performed on this apparatus in order to more accurately evaluate the permittivity measurements [ Pettinelli et al , 2002].…”

Section: Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO₂ and solid CO₂–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

Pettinelli

2003

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Permittivity and conductivity measurements were performed to assess the dielectric behavior of solid CO 2 (i.e., CO 2 ice, snow, and powder) and solid CO 2 /soil mixtures. For comparison, some dielectric measurements were also conducted on H 2 O ice, dry glass beads, glass beads saturated with water, drained glass beads, and frozen drained glass beads. The measurements were performed in the frequency domain (20 Hz to 1 MHz) using a capacitive cell (Parallel Plate Capacitor) and in the time domain using a transmission line (Time Domain Reflectometry). The data obtained with both techniques have shown that solid CO 2 has a permittivity value that ranges between 1.4 and 2.1 as a function of density, values that distinguish it from H 2 O ice. In contrast, H 2 O ice, dry glass beads, frozen (drained) glass beads, and dry volcanic sand all have very similar permittivity values, and thus they cannot be clearly distinguished at higher frequencies. Data have also shown that a high volume fraction of solid CO 2 significantly reduces the permittivity value of a soil. Furthermore, almost all the samples tested in this work seem to behave like low loss materials, having a conductivity which is generally equal to or lower than 10 À6 Sm À1 at the highest frequency (and smaller values at lower frequencies). Finally, TDR measurements and data from some dielectric models were compared in order to assess the capability of these models to predict the permittivity of a granular multiphase material.

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Section: Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO₂ and solid CO₂–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

Pettinelli

2003

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Topp et al (1980) extended TDR applications to determine soil volumetric water content. Topp et al (1982) developed a TDR system that was able to measure in situ soil electrical properties (Pettinelli et al, 2002). Time domain reflectometry was adapted to estimate the soil water content (Hoekstra and Delaney, 1974;Topp et al, 1980) and soil bulk electrical conductivity simultaneously (Dalton et al, 1984).…”

Section: Jinghui Xumentioning

confidence: 99%

Short, Multineedle Frequency Domain Reflectometry Sensor Suitable for Measuring Soil Water Content

Logsdon

Horton

2012

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a well‐established electromagnetic technique used to measure soil water content. Time domain reflectometry sensors have been combined with heat pulse sensors to produce thermo‐TDR sensors. Thermo‐TDR sensors are restricted to having relatively short needles to accurately measure soil thermal properties. Short needle lengths, however, can limit the accuracy of the TDR measurement of soil water content. Frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors are an alternative to TDR sensors that can provide an inexpensive measurement of soil water content. The objective of this study was to determine whether short FDR sensors can accurately measure soil water content. We designed and constructed a short FDR sensor. For four soil types across a range of water contents, temperatures, and salt contents, we measured soil dielectric spectra with the short FDR sensor. A vector network analyzer was used to obtain soil dielectric spectra in the 1‐MHz to 3‐GHz frequency range. The ideal frequency of a short FDR sensor is the frequency at which the permittivity is not altered by changing temperature or salt content. The 47‐ to 200‐MHz range was an ideal frequency range for measuring soil water content, and 70 MHz was the frequency least influenced by temperature and salt content. The short FDR sensor provided quick, continuous, stable, and cheap measurements of soil water content. Because of the promising performance of the short thermo‐FDR sensor in laboratory studies, sensors should be evaluated in future field studies.

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“…3. The electromagnetic parameters of the materials are chosen according to time-domain-reflectometry (TDR) measurements [11] performed on samples of suitable mixtures having a composition similar to Martian surface, according to last explorative missions [5][6][7]. Here two kinds of sandy dry soils are considered: the glass-bead mixture used in Sec.…”

Section: Results Of Numerical Set-up: Detection Of Scatterersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an efficient numerical set-up to predict the performance of ground-penetrating-radar systems for on-site Earth and planetary applications

Valerio

Pettinelli

Barone

et al. 2011

2011 XXXth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium

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The aim of this study is to assess the features of a numerical tool able to predict in an efficient and accurate way the performance of a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in many typical on-site Earth and planetary applications. Suitable implementation of a computer-aided-design (CAD) package is carried out by accounting for the most critical aspects of the GPR behavior (e.g., antenna elements, signal waveforms, physical characteristics of host media and scatterers). Representative examples of different application scenarios have been developed and tested. Full validation is achieved also by means of appropriate comparisons derived through ad-hoc experimental set-up.

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Time domain reflectrometry: Calibration techniques for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties of various materials

Cited by 40 publications

References 21 publications

Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO₂ and solid CO₂–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO₂ and solid CO₂–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

Short, Multineedle Frequency Domain Reflectometry Sensor Suitable for Measuring Soil Water Content

Development of an efficient numerical set-up to predict the performance of ground-penetrating-radar systems for on-site Earth and planetary applications

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Time domain reflectrometry: Calibration techniques for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties of various materials

Cited by 40 publications

References 21 publications

Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO2 and solid CO2–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO2 and solid CO2–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

Short, Multineedle Frequency Domain Reflectometry Sensor Suitable for Measuring Soil Water Content

Development of an efficient numerical set-up to predict the performance of ground-penetrating-radar systems for on-site Earth and planetary applications

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Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO₂ and solid CO₂–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO₂ and solid CO₂–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants