Time-dependent modeling of erbium-doped waveguide lasers in lithium niobate pumped at 980 and 1480 nm

Optical gain in erbium lithium niobate titanium diffused waveguides

“…Due to the shallower-than-intended diffusion and the scattering caused by surface roughness from a large fraction of the titanium remaining on the surface, the original waveguides were extremely lossy [9]. Samples prepared with the correct process exhibit up-conversion at significantly lower powers of pump laser.…”

“…Due to lithium niobate's mature processing and extensive use in integrated optics, it is an obvious choice of host material. While erbium lasers in lithium niobate are well reported [1][2] [9], tunability has not been shown, and a lengthy and difficult doping process is required [1][2] [9]. Roditi International provides lithium niobate pre-doped with a suitable concentration of erbium, but in order to attempt to make lasers with it, a thorough investigation of its gain properties in the presence of the titanium necessary to make waveguides is required.…”

Theoretical studies of EPR spectra and defect structure for Er3+ center in lithium niobate

“…), is a useful way to drastically affect some properties of LN, e.g., structure, electro-optical coefficients, light absorption, that are most important for the technical application of the material. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the investigations of erbium doped into nonstoichiometric LN through the development of light amplifiers based on LN:Er 3+ in optical fibers for optical communication [8][9][10], among which an enormous amount of work has been carried out on the occupation position of the Er 3+ in LN, since it is the most important aspect to gain insights into the underlying physical and chemical mechanisms in the background of optical behavior of LN in its doped state. As the advanced characterization techniques such as electron nuclear double-resonance (ENDOR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray standing wave (XSW) and ion-beam channeling techniques developed, much progress has been achieved during the past several years.…”

Quadratic solitons with gain and loss

“…Substitution into (6) and (7) readily yields (25) where . This zeroparameter solution exists for the special values of the material parameters that fulfill the conditions (26) (27) and (28) Equation (26) is a consequence of the fact that stationary solutions can only exist in the presence of both gain and loss. Equation (27) indicates that the above analytical solution only holds in the case of temporal solitons, when one of the waves experiences normal group-velocity dispersion (GVD) while the other wave experiences anomalous GVD.…”

“…Unless otherwise stated, we set thus, which corresponds to an amplifier much wider than the soliton. Full modeling can be performed to take into account the detailed dynamics of the light-matter interaction involved in the amplification [24]- [27], but the reduced model is expected to capture important aspects of the process. The parameter stands for spatially homogeneous linear absorption at the secondharmonic frequency.…”