Time-dependent in situ SERS study of CN− adsorbed on gold

Bozzini, Benedetto; Mele, Claudio; Romanello, V.

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.03.041

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to examine the chemical moieties on the gold surface during deposition as a function of potential [64]. At high cathodic potentials and high current density (1 mA cm À2 ) the direct reduction of gold cyanide dominates.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Gold

Kohl¹

2010

Modern Electroplating

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While all that glitters may not be gold, it is the most beautiful of all the elements in their pure form. The name gold comes from the Old English Anglo-Saxon word for geolo meaning "yellow" while the symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, meaning "glowing dawn." Historically gold was one of the first metals known. Gold has been valuable throughout the ages chiefly because of its physical properties of softness, ductility, corrosion resistance, density, and scarcity. The first gold coin dates back to about 560 BC. Gold cups and jewelry predating 3500 BC have been found in Iraq. The ancient Egyptians knew how to hammer gold into leaf as thin as 66 nm. The importance of gold as a form of currency was at a high point in the 1900s when most countries were on the gold standard. The bullion price of gold over the past 21 years is shown in Figure 4.1.There have been about 160 metric kilotons of gold mined since it was first discovered, and it occupies about 0.005 ppm of the earth's crust. The world demand for gold in 2007 was approximately 80,000,000 troy ounces. Figure 4.2 shows the breakdown of the gold usage by industry. Jewelry comprises the largest fraction of the usage; however, much of that is not electroplated. For jewelry applications, gold is commonly alloyed with group IB or IIB metals, particularly copper, silver, platinum, and palladium, principally to improve its strength and wear resistance.The electrodeposition of gold is a relatively new process; it has been traced to the early work of Brugnatelli in 1805 [1]. The motives behind the use of electroplated gold changed dramatically in the mid-twentieth century when the emerging electronics industry required special-purpose electrical connections. The electronics industry consumed 5,330,000 troy ounces in 1994. Figure 4.3 shows the growth in the use of gold in the electronics industry by year. The use of electroplated gold in a variety of different functions in the electronics industry has led to (1) many advances in our fundamental understanding of the electrodeposition process and (2) new electroplating technologies over the past 25 years.Electrochemically deposited gold has satisfied many of the demands of the electronics industry. Gold has the third best electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals at room temperature. Also it has high ductility and excellent wear resistance, which are important for electrical contacts. The inertness of gold prevents the formation of insulating surface oxides (as compared to metals like aluminum). Group IIB metals (e.g., gold) are not good catalysts for other reactions, thus avoiding certain problems. For example, group IB metals (particularly platinum and palladium) can catalyze the polymerization of organic molecules forming insulating layers. In addition, gold is an excellent metal for wire bonding integrated circuits (ICs). Gold wires can be bonded to pure, soft gold pads by thermocompression bonding (300-400 C at high pressure to form a weld) or thermosonic bonding (150-200 C with ultrasonic energy to fo...

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Section: Mechanism Of Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Gold

Kohl¹

2010

Modern Electroplating

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“…The extensive theoretical and experimental SERS studies since the 1980s [2,3] have greatly broadened the applications of SERS in many areas, such as the identification of dyes on ancient drawings, [4] the detection of toxic furfural in drinks, [5] monitoring the residual As on the semiconductor processing, [6] and the study of carbon nanotubes [7] and carbon clusters responsible for the increase of electronic orbital density on the interface of SiC substrate. [8] SERS has also been applied in the fields of medical biology and environmental sciences, such as the researches on the toxic components in car exhausts, [9] the contamination by uranyl, neptunyl ions [10] and cyanide, [11] as well as the detection of hemoglobin and myoglobin. [12] Even for the SERS-inactive molecules, such as avidin, [13] monitoring can still be achieved by bonding them with some particular SERS-active molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectra of benzoic acid enhanced by the silver nanoparticles of various sizes

Zheng

Chou

et al. 2009

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Using sodium borohydride as the reducing agent and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, MW = 10 000) as the stabilizer, we obtained silver nanoparticles of various diameters (8-78 nm) from silver nitrate aqueous solutions in the concentration range from 0.001 to 0.1 M. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from benzoic acid's ring-breathing mode at 1003 cm −1 was detected from its dilute solutions (∼10 −2 M) doped with these silver nanoparticles under 488-nm laser excitation. The observed size dependences of SERS intensities fit quite well with those calculated by Schatz's theoretical model for spherical silver nanoparticles. The only exception occurred with the smallest particles (8 nm), possibly due to the failure of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory used in this model.

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“…Although it is well known that the silver deposit grown from silver nitrate bath tends to be dendritic, the replacement of the cyanide bath was prompted by both environmental considerations and the need of avoiding any cyanide contamination in the final deposit. In fact, studies on electrodeposited gold from cyanide baths showed that the cyanide can be inglobated within the deposit [23], and work is in progress to confirm possible similarities in the silver deposits. In the following, the electrochemical results for the two new deposits and for the powder electrode will be compared to that of Ag electrodeposited at 0.5 mA cm -2 from cyanide bath described in previous work [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavity microelectrodes for the voltammetric investigation of electrocatalysts: the electroreduction of volatile organic halides on micro-sized silver powders

et al. 2008

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In this work the use of cavity-microelectrodes is described for the study of the electrocatalytic properties of silver powders in the electroreduction of trichloromethane, taken as model compound. The key role played by the Ag surface status has driven the research towards the use of micro-and nanosized materials, whose exploitation requires the full understanding of the complex behaviour of multiphasial interfaces, and the development of the appropriate investigation methodologies. Moreover, comparison with electrodeposited silver macroelectrodes demonstrates the advantages of using cavity-microelectrodes, especially in terms of improvement of the electrocatalytic activity, insignificance of ohmic drop and double layer capacitance in the voltammetric response, and simplicity offered by the experimental procedure for renovating the electrode material and surface.

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Time-dependent in situ SERS study of CN− adsorbed on gold

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Electrodeposition of Gold

Electrodeposition of Gold

Raman spectra of benzoic acid enhanced by the silver nanoparticles of various sizes

Cavity microelectrodes for the voltammetric investigation of electrocatalysts: the electroreduction of volatile organic halides on micro-sized silver powders

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