Time-Dependent Description of Cathode Crater Formation in Vacuum Arcs

Prock, Johannes

doi:10.1109/tps.1986.4316578

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This has been done by Prock for cater formation 18 and crater cooling. 19 Considering Cu and W cathodes, he showed that the crater cooling time is typically ten times greater than the crater formation time.…”

Section: S P Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

Puzzling differences in bismuth and lead plasmas: Evidence for the significant role of neutrals in cathodic vacuum arcs

Anders

Yushkov

2007

Applied Physics Letters

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Time-dependent ion charge state measurements for Pb and Bi cathodic arc plasmas revealed unexpected differences: the mean Bi ion charge state dropped much stronger and with a longer time constant. It is shown that the differences in thermal conductivity and vapor pressure led to much higher neutral density for Bi, which in turn can cause charge exchange collisions. The results have implications beyond Pb and Bi plasmas: most importantly, they imply that the “true” ion charge states, as emitted from the cathode spots, are higher than what is generally measured and published.

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Section: S P Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

Puzzling differences in bismuth and lead plasmas: Evidence for the significant role of neutrals in cathodic vacuum arcs

Anders

Yushkov

2007

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Taking into account cathode material phase changes, Joule heating and ionic heating, cathode crater formation was considered by Prock [97] and similarly by Klein et al [98]. The thermal runaway phenomenon was analyzed as the origin of micro-explosions and a possible mechanism for crater formation.…”

Section: A Models Of Explosive Electron Emission and Cathode Vaprizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vacuum Arc Cathode Spot Theory. History and Evolution of the Mechanisms

Beilis

2018

2018 28th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)

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Vacuum arc cathode spot theories are reviewed, beginning from the primary studies in second half of 19th century and in the beginning of 20th century up to the present. The evolution of the main ideas is presented, starting from those which developed for separate phenomena, up to systematic inclusive models. Different approaches were considered for generating a plasma comprised of cathode material, based on cathode vaporization and local explosions. Models with closed systems of equations were developed. A kinetic model advantageously allows calculating the cathode potential drop. These closed models explain various phenomena and spot types, based on two principals: (1) impeded plasma flow enables cathode spot operation, and (2) the heat loss in the cathode must be smaller than the energy input to the cathode spot.

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“…The arc heats the cathode in four different ways: by radiation, convection (from the plasma), Joule heating, and ion bombardment. The radiation and convection terms affect a large area; although they can account for a large fraction of the energy transferred to the cathode, they are too diffuse to cause erosion and can, in general, be neglected for erosion studies (Prock 1986). The Joule heating and the ion bombardment terms are therefore the main heat sources for cathode erosion.…”

Section: Cathode Materials and Erosionmentioning

confidence: 99%