“…The growing substrate, which could be either inorganic, organic, or a specific mix of the two, is a critical component of the design of green roofs. Appropriate substrate materials need to have appropriate water and nutrient retention properties as well as adequate drainage and lightweight and chemical balance to provide support for the plants' regulatory functions [56,57]. To meet these conditions, substrates are frequently evaluated according to key physical and chemical properties such as bulk density, weight, porosity, particle size, water retention capacity, pH, and organic matter.…”