Time dependence of 50 Hz magnetic fields in apartment buildings with indoor transformer stations

Yitzhak, Nir-Mordechay; Hareuveny, Ronen; Kandel, Shaiela; Ruppin, R.

doi:10.1093/rpd/ncr226

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The number of spaces where it has been measured is indicated, and finally the average value of the measurements made in the bed or beds of the most affected spaces are also presented. Our measurements are within the order of magnitude of the measurements carried out in Finland, Switzerland, Hungary, Israel, Bulgaria, and The Netherlands [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], in the framework of the TransExpo Project [15]. The average of the average values gives us an average value of 0.4 µT for the dwellings above or adjacent to the TS.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…This is important in order to have some assurance that the measure being taken has its source in the TS, and not in the wiring of the house itself. These circumstances are not obvious in the previous works [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Also, when the successive averages are carried out, the values obtained are smoothed out and do not appear to be so high; however, they are high in some areas where values of 2-20 µT were reached.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…These special circumstances have been assessed with the introduction of the weighted average and the environmental impact factor to be introduced below. Figure 2 shows the location of TSs on a map of Silla, where the interpolated values are shown in a color code using a geostatistical procedure [18,19], and Figure 3 shows the mean value at each place (from Table 1) with a red line showing the limit level of 0.3 µT.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This would greatly facilitate environmental and epidemiological studies, eliminate the control selection biases, and eliminate confounding agents, such as the ionized air surrounding the high-voltage cables, which would not be present in the dwellings attached to the TSs. Measurement campaigns have been carried out in Finland, Israel, Hungary, and Switzerland to analyze a possible exposure assessment procedure (Ilonen et al [10]; Hareuveny et al [11]; Szabo et al [12]; Thuroczy et al [13]; Martin Rösli et al [14]); in these works, in the framework of the TransExpo project [15][16][17][18], specific measurements have been made in apartments in buildings on which TSs are located on the ground floor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer Stations in Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessment

2018

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Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFs) is almost inevitable almost anywhere in the world. An ELF magnetic field (ELF-MF) of around 1 mG = 0.1 μT is typically measured in any home of the world with a certain degree of development and well-being. There is fear and concern about exposure to electromagnetic fields from high- and medium-voltage wiring and transformer stations, especially internal transformer stations (TSs), which in Spain are commonly located inside residential buildings on the ground floor. It is common for neighbors living near these stations to ask for stations to be moved away from their homes, and to ask for information about exposure levels and their effects. Municipality is the closest administration to the citizens that must solve this situation, mediating between the citizens, the utility companies and the national administration. In this case, the municipality of Silla (València, Spain) wanted to know the levels of exposure in the dwellings annexed to the TSs, to compare them with Spanish legislation and the recommendations coming from epidemiological studies. This article presents the first systematic campaign of ELF-MF measurements from TSs carried out in a Spanish city. Many measurements were carried out in the rooms of the apartments doing spatial averages of spatial grid measurements. Measurements are made in the bed and bedrooms and a weighted average and an environmental impact indicator were obtained for each location. We found that old TSs usually provide the highest peak exposure levels. A notable result of this work is that approximately one quarter of the population living above or next to a TS would be exposed to a weighted MF level greater than 0.3 μT, and that about a 10% of this population would not be able to relocate their bedroom or living room to minimize the level of exposure.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer Stations in Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessment

2018

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“…Yitzhak and colleagues performed a 24-h measurement of 50 Hz magnetic fields in apartments of buildings containing transformer stations. They found that average magnetic field in apartments above the transformer room were 0.33 µT, significantly stronger than those measured in apartments positioned at greater distances from the transformer station (from 0.06 to 0.11 µT) [ 31 ].…”

Section: Exposure Assessment and Monitoring In Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Studies Concerning Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Assessment in Europe: Low Frequency Fields (50 Hz–100 kHz)

Gajšek¹,

Ravazzani

Grellier

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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We aimed to review the findings of exposure assessment studies done in European countries on the exposure of the general public to low frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) of various frequencies. The study shows that outdoor average extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) in public areas in urban environments range between 0.05 and 0.2 µT in terms of flux densities, but stronger values (of the order of a few µT) may occur directly beneath high-voltage power lines, at the walls of transformer buildings, and at the boundary fences of substations. In the indoor environment, high values have been measured close to several domestic appliances (up to the mT range), some of which are held close to the body, e.g., hair dryers, electric shavers. Common sources of exposure to intermediate frequencies (IF) include induction cookers, compact fluorescent lamps, inductive charging systems for electric cars and security or anti-theft devices. No systematic measurement surveys or personal exposimetry data for the IF range have been carried out and only a few reports on measurements of EMFs around such devices are mentioned. According to the available European exposure assessment studies, three population exposure categories were classified by the authors regarding the possible future risk analysis. This classification should be considered a crucial advancement for exposure assessment, which is a mandatory step in any future health risk assessment of EMFs exposure.

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Registry of Buildings With Transformer Stations as a Basis for Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects of Extremely Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fields

Khan

Juutilainen

Roivainen

2019

Bioelectromagnetics

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Buildings with indoor transformer stations may serve as a basis for improved epidemiological studies on health effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MFs). Previous studies have shown that ELF MF exposure can be adequately assessed based on the fact that MF levels are high in apartments directly above transformers. In this paper, we describe creation of a registry of Finnish residential buildings with built-in transformer stations and discuss its usability in epidemiological studies. Information obtained from electric utilities and building blueprints were used to identify 677 buildings in which an apartment was located above or adjacent to a transformer station. All apartments in these buildings were classified to exposure categories based on their location in relation to the transformer. Residential histories of these buildings were obtained from Population Register Centre. 287,668 individuals have resided in the buildings, and 9,126 of them have resided in an apartment located directly above a transformer station. All information was collected without contacting residents, thus avoiding selection bias. The registry can be linked with data from high-quality nationwide registries to confirm or challenge the reported associations of ELF MF exposure and diseases such as cancer, miscarriage and Alzheimer's disease.

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Time dependence of 50 Hz magnetic fields in apartment buildings with indoor transformer stations

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer Stations in Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessment

Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer Stations in Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessment

Review of Studies Concerning Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Assessment in Europe: Low Frequency Fields (50 Hz–100 kHz)

Registry of Buildings With Transformer Stations as a Basis for Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects of Extremely Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fields

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