“…Indeed, there is evidence that titers of neuromodulatory biogenic amines, such as serotonin and dopamine, are affected by parasites and pathogens across vertebrate and invertebrate hosts that adaptively manipulate behavior ( 21 , 27 , 95 – 98 ). Moreover, the clock of C. floridanus , the ant host of O. camponoti-floridani , appears to be rather plastic and has been suggested to underlie at least some of the plasticity that gives rise to the behavioral division of labor in colonies of this species ( 99 ). Reports on the loss of daily activity patterns in Ophiocordyceps- infected C. floridanus ( 28 ), establishment of synchronized manipulated summiting ( 21 ), and differential expression of clock and clock-controlled genes in infected individuals compared to healthy conspecifics ( 21 ) suggest that behavioral plasticity resulting from biological clocks is corruptible.…”