“…This effect has been extensively studied in the two-dimensional (2D) plane, as in the early characterization of the IOR effect, the reasons for the IOR effect, and the neural basis of the IOR effect (Dodd et al., 2003; Eng et al., 2018; Hilchey et al., 2014; Klein, 2000; Martín-Arévalo et al., 2013; Maylor & Hockey, 1985; Posner & Cohen, 1984; Taylor & Klein, 2000). However, we live in a Three-dimensional (3D) space and use binocular and monocular cues, and the human brain can reconstruct a 3D space from 2D retinal images.…”