Time course of inhibition in color-response and word-response versions of the Stroop task.

Sugg, Mark J.; McDonald, James E.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.3.647

Cited by 87 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This pattern of interference effects across SOAs is consistent with the results of previous studies in which both the targets and the interfering items were presented visually (Flowers, 1990; M. O. Glaser & W. R. Glaser, 1982; W R. Glaser & Diingelhoff, 1984;Sugg & McDonald, 1994), and with the cross-modal result of Shimada (1990). However, Cowan and Barron (1987) would have expected color-word interference also when the onset asynchrony was 500 msec.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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The nature of cross-modal color-word interference effects

Elliott

Cowan

Valle-Inclán

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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Cowan and Barron (1987) and Cowan (1989b) reported that color-naming performance was slowed by spoken color names drawn from the same set but presented in an order unrelated to the printed colors. Although Miles, Madden, and Jones (1989) and were unable to replicate this cross-modal effect, it is replicated here in two experiments with much better experimental control than before. However, the effect is shown to depend upon the relative timing of the color and word in a way that conflicts with the theoretical account that Cowan and Barron offered. While Cowan and Barron suggested that an irrelevant color word would contaminate the response set if this word occupied short-term memory when the color was about to be named, it appears that interference actually occurs only if the memory representation was formed very recently and had not been inhibited. Further implications for processing are discussed. Stroop's (1935) seminal research showed that the task of naming ink colors was slowed if each color of ink formed a color word that did not match the correct response. Most of the numerous studies further exploring that effect (reviewed recently by MacLeod, 1991MacLeod, , 1992 have provided conflicting cues within the visual modality (as Stroop did) or in a few cases within the auditory modality (Green & Barber, 1981;McClain, 1983). However, Cowan and Barron (1987) found that the task of naming visually presented colors was slowed by the concurrent presentation of an audiotape containing a random sequence of spoken color words drawn from the same set as the correct responses. Audiotapes with noncolor words had no such effect on color naming. This cross-modal effect is theoretically important because it demonstrates that subjects cannot voluntarily restrict lexical processing to the visual modality. Cowan and Barron used these and concomitant results (e.g., the additivity of visual and cross-modal interference) to argue for "a description of processing in which multiple verbal items enter a prespeech buffer and a selection mechanism examines buffer items in parallel." However, a controversy has followed the initial report.Miles, Madden, and Jones (1989) failed to replicate the cross-modal effects reported by Cowan and Barron (1987), but Cowan (1989b) pointed out ways in which the method of the original study had not been reproduced faithfully. briefly stated that they reproduced the method more faithfully and still failed to find the cross-modal interference, but Cowan (1989a) reported a replication with a similar method. Thus, reports of the success of this procedure have been mixed.It seems noteworthy that the original study and the successful and failed replications all suffered from some important methodological limitations. Rather than being obtained for each visually presented color individually, reaction times were obtained for pages each of 100 items. Also, because the spoken channel was not synchronized with the visual stimulus, the timing of audiovisual presentation was variable. A side effect of this pres...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The pattern ofinterference effects across SOAs is similar in studies with visually presented target and interfering stimuli (Flowers, 1990; M. o. Glaser & W.R. Glaser, 1982; W. R. Glaser & Dungelhoff, 1984;Goolkasian, 1981;Sugg & McDonald, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

The nature of cross-modal color-word interference effects

Elliott

Cowan

Valle-Inclán

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Although there tended to be a small Stroop effect at the intermediate SOAs, the magnitude did not begin to approach that obtained for the color-naming task. Sugg and McDonald (1994) found IRRELEVANT LOCATION INFORMATION 193 similar asymmetries in a task for which the responses to Stroop color stimuli were manual aimed movements to locations on a touch screen labeled by either physical colors or color words. Substantial Stroop effects were apparent at SOAs ofup to 300 msec when word was the relevant stimulus dimension and the response labels were colors or when color was the relevant stimulus dimension and the response labels were words.…”

Section: Evidence Against the Horse Race Modelmentioning

confidence: 89%

The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects

1995

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of irrelevant location information on performance of visual choice-reaction tasks. We review empirical findings and theoretical explanations from two domains, those of the Simon effect and the spatial Stroop effect, in which stimulus location has been shown to affect reaction time when irrelevant to the task. Wethen integrate the findings and explanations from the two domains to clarify how and why stimulus location influences performance even when it is uninformative to the correct response. Factors that influence the processing of irrelevant location information include response modality, relative timing with respect to the relevant information, spatial coding, and allocation of attention. The most promising accounts are offered by models in which response selection is a function of (1) strength of association of the irrelevant stimulus information with the response and (2) temporal overlap of the resulting response activation with that produced by the relevant stimulus information.The role played by stimulus location in visual information processing has been a controversial issue. This issue has been investigated primarily by means ofvisual search tasks in which a target stimulus in an array of distractors must be detected or identified. Reaction time (RT) in such tasks is typically an increasing function ofarray size, and accuracy a decreasing function, when the target is defined by a conjunction of features (e.g., Treisman & Gelade, 1980;Van Zandt & Townsend, 1993), leading some authors to propose that attending to location is necessary for feature integration (e.g., Nissen, 1985;Treisman & Gelade, 1980). As expected if location must be attended in such situations, a stimulus for a second task shows a processing benefit when it occurs in a location adjacent to the target stimulus of the search task rather than in a more remote location (e.g., Hoffman & Nelson, 1981), and precuing the location in the array in which the target stimulus will occur facilitates its processing (e.g., Eriksen & Hoffman, 1972). However, facilitation from a location precue is also apparent when the target is presented alone and requires only a detection response (e.g., Bashinski & Bacharach, 1980;Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980), suggesting that it may be necessary to attend to the locaWe would like to thank Bernhard Hommel, Colin MacLeod, Bob Melara, Jim Neely, Richard Schweickert, Richard Simon, and Howard Zelaznik for helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Reprint requests should be sent to Chen-Hui Lu, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, or Robert W. Proctor, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1364. tion of any stimulus on which a response is based. Consistent with this possibility, Tsal and Lavie (1993) recently showed that when the relevant feature of a precue stimulus is nonspatial (e.g., color), there is still facilitation in the identification of a s...

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“…These accounts assert that the irrelevant dimension affects performance when a correct response requires a translation between memory codes (see, e.g., Glaser & Glaser, 1989;Sugg & McDonald, 1994;Virzi & Egeth, 1985). In these accounts, words and colors are processed in their own subsystems.…”

Section: A Translation Accountmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Coltheart noted in his review of a previous version of this article, a translation between orthography and phonology occurs in reading aloud. Thus, the assertion by Virzi and Egeth (1985) and Sugg and McDonald (1994) that reading aloud does not require a translation makes their accounts difficult to understand.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reverse Stroop effect without translation or reading difficulty

Blais

Besner

2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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It is well known that irrelevant color words affect the time needed to identify the color they are displayed in (the Stroop effect). One major view is that a reverse Stroop effect (RSE)-in which the irrelevant color affects the time needed to identify the word-does not occur unless a translation is needed between domain-specific memory codes. In the present article, we report an experiment in which the reverse Stroop effect was investigated by having subjects identify a colored word at fixation by pointing to a location on the screen containing that word. Although the response was untranslated, an RSE was observed. An account is provided in which the strength of association between a stimulus and a specific response plays a central role.

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Time course of inhibition in color-response and word-response versions of the Stroop task.

Cited by 87 publications

References 42 publications

The nature of cross-modal color-word interference effects

The nature of cross-modal color-word interference effects

The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects

A reverse Stroop effect without translation or reading difficulty

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