Time Constraints for Inter-Limb Co-Ordination in the Cat During Unrestrained Locomotion

Stuart, Douglas G.; Withey, T. P.; Wetzel, Mary C.; GoslowJr, G. E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4547-3_43

Cited by 66 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Associated with this vertical dis placement is a vertical acceleration of the head which also peaks twice in each step cycle. These findings are in accord with previous reports in both cat and man [Murray, 1967;Stuart et al, 1973]. The ac celeration was recorded by the vertical ac celerometer.…”

Section: Effects Of Head Movement On the Jaw Closing Musclessupporting

confidence: 82%

A Study of Jaw Reflexes of the Awake Cat during Mastication and Locomotion

Lund¹,

Drew²,

Rossignol³

1984

Brain Behav Evol

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This paper reports on experiments on the jaw opening reflex carried out while awake unrestrained cats were eating or walking on a treadmill. It is shown that the jaw opening reflex response to low intensity stimulation diminished in all phases of the masticatory cycle. The response to higher threshold afferents, however, is phase modulated so that the largest responses occur during the jaw closing phase. This is in accord with the need for increased protection of the soft tissues in this phase of the movement. In contrast, the digastric reflex amplitude does not change when the cat passes from quiet standing to walking on the treadmill. Evidence is presented that the electromyographic activity of the jaw closing muscles increases during upwards movement of the head during walking and decreases as the head falls. These data support the hypothesis that the myotatic reflex in the elevator muscles plays a role in stabilizing the mandible during locomotion.

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Section: Effects Of Head Movement On the Jaw Closing Musclessupporting

confidence: 82%

A Study of Jaw Reflexes of the Awake Cat during Mastication and Locomotion

Lund¹,

Drew²,

Rossignol³

1984

Brain Behav Evol

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“…This variability has been reported in studies of interlimb coordination in the cat: for example see (Stuart et al 1973;Miller, van der Burg, and van der Meché 1975;English 1979;and Vilensky and Patrick 1984). In principle, variability need not influence symmetry, and the two may be orthogonal.…”

Section: Symmetry In Animal Runningmentioning

confidence: 86%

Running With Symmetry

Raibert

1986

The International Journal of Robotics Research

101

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Symmetry can simplify the control of dynamic legged systems. In this paper, the symmetries studied describe motion of the body and legs in terms of even and odd functions of time. A single set of equations describes symmetric running for systems with any number of legs and for a wide range of gaits. Techniques based on symmetry have been used in laboratory experiments to control machines that run on one, two, and four legs. In addition to simplifying the control of legged machines, symmetry may help us to understand legged locomotion in animals. Data from a cat trotting and galloping on a treadmill and from a human running on a track conform reasonably well to the predicted symmetries.

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“…Fore-hindlimb coordination patterns have been well defined in the cat during basic overground locomotion and quadrupedal stepping on a treadmill (Miller et al, 1973b; Stuart, 1973; Wetzel et al, 1975; Miller and van der Meche, 1976; Eisenstein, 1977; Wetzel, 1977; Coss et al, 1978; English, 1979, 1980; Forssberg et al, 1980a; Forssberg et al, 1980b; English and Lennard, 1982; Cruse and Warnecke, 1992; Blaszczyk and Loeb, 1993; Howland et al, 1995a). Long propriospinal pathways connecting the cervical and lumbosacral levels of the spinal cord are believed to mediate this coordination (Miller et al, 1973a; Miller et al, 1973b; Miller et al, 1975a; Miller and van der Meche, 1976) with modulation from supraspinal areas (Drew et al, 2004; Courtine et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chondroitinase ABC Promotes Recovery of Adaptive Limb Movements and Enhances Axonal Growth Caudal to a Spinal Hemisection

Jefferson

Tester²,

Howland³

2011

J. Neurosci.

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A number of studies have shown that Chondroitinase ABC (Ch’ase ABC) digestion of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans significantly enhances axonal growth and recovery in rodents following spinal cord injury (SCI). Further, our group has shown improved recovery following SCI in the larger cat model. The purpose of the current study was to determine if intraspinal delivery of Ch’ase ABC, following T10 hemisections in adult cats, enhances adaptive movement features during a skilled locomotor task and/or promotes plasticity of spinal and supraspinal circuitry. Here, we show that Ch’ase ABC enhanced crossing of a peg walkway post-SCI and significantly improved ipsilateral hindlimb trajectories and integration into a functional fore-hindlimb coordination pattern. Recovery of these complex movements was associated with significant increases in neurofilament immunoreactivity immediately below the SCI in the ipsilateral white (p=0.033) and contralateral gray matter (p=0.003). Further, the rubrospinal tract is critical in the normal cat during skilled movements that require accurate paw placements and trajectories like those seen during peg walkway crossing. Rubrospinal connections were assessed following fluorogold injections, caudal to the hemisection. Significantly more retrogradely labeled right (axotomized) red nucleus (RN) neurons were seen in Ch’ase ABC-treated (23%) compared to control-treated cats (8%; p=0.032) indicating that a larger number of RN neurons in Ch’ase ABC-treated cats had axons below the lesion level. Thus, following SCI, Ch’ase ABC may facilitate axonal growth at the spinal level, enhance adaptive features of locomotion, and affect plasticity of rubrospinal circuitry known to support adaptive behaviors in the normal cat.

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Time Constraints for Inter-Limb Co-Ordination in the Cat During Unrestrained Locomotion

Cited by 66 publications

References 17 publications

A Study of Jaw Reflexes of the Awake Cat during Mastication and Locomotion

A Study of Jaw Reflexes of the Awake Cat during Mastication and Locomotion

Running With Symmetry

Chondroitinase ABC Promotes Recovery of Adaptive Limb Movements and Enhances Axonal Growth Caudal to a Spinal Hemisection

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