Time‐based lag sequential analysis and the functional assessment of challenging behavior

Emerson, Eric; Reeves, David; Thompson, Sarah L.; Henderson, Dawn X.; Robertson, Janet; Howard, Dawn C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00629.x

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…A time-based sequential analysis model was used to determine the temporal associations between challenging behaviour and environmental events (Emerson, Thompson, Reeves, Henderson, & Robertson, 1995;Emerson et al, 1996;Forman, Hall, & Oliver, 2002;Millichap et al, 2003). It calculated the conditional probability of escape delivery, attention delivery and tangible delivery occurring, given an episode of challenging behaviour.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concordance was reckoned when both observers recorded the occurrence (and nonoccurrence) of the same event within the same three second time window. This small tolerance level served to diminish the effect of dissimilarities in observers' reaction times (Hall & Oliver, 1992;Murphy, 1987;Repp & Karsh, 1994;Emerson et al, 1996). Agreement was calculated for multiple pairs of data files.…”

Section: Interobserver Agreementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of the structured descriptive assessment to identify possible functions of challenging behaviour exhibited by adults with brain injury

Rahman

Alderman

Oliver

2013

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

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Behaviour modification procedures for challenging behaviour, based on principles of operant learning, benefit from an accurate appraisal of behavioural function. Numerous methods of direct and indirect functional assessment exist, which have relative strengths and weaknesses. In this study, structured descriptive assessments were used to identify the function of challenging behaviour. The application of this hybrid approach has been unexplored in the neurobehavioural literature. The structured descriptive assessments involved the systematic manipulation of antecedent variables (only) that were conducted by typical caregivers in the normal environment. Also, observational software was used to provide a high degree of analytical detail. The methodology was found to be effective in generating hypotheses of behavioural function and also efficient as a clinical research tool. Only just over 2.25 hours of assessment data were collected for each participant, on average, and yet functional relationships emerged in respect of all four participants. The aggression exhibited by two participants was deemed to serve a demand escape function and the challenging behaviours of the other two participants were attributed to an attention gaining function. Future studies should implement additional validity measures by corroborating findings with other (experimental) functional assessment techniques or by implementing treatment programmes based on its results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interobserver Agreementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the structured descriptive assessment to identify possible functions of challenging behaviour exhibited by adults with brain injury

Rahman

Alderman

Oliver

2013

Neuropsychological Rehabilitation

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“…The use of increasingly sophisticated sequential and temporal analysis of in vivo observations of behaviour provided alternative descriptions of SIB that may be important for understanding its initiation and maintenance (Sackett 1979; Emerson et al . 1996; Hall et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of self‐injury in the organisation of behaviour

Sandman

Kemp

Mabini

et al. 2012

J intellect Disabil Res

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Background Self-injuring acts are among the most dramatic behaviours exhibited by human beings. There is no known single cause and there is no universally agreed upon treatment. Sophisticated sequential and temporal analysis of behaviour has provided alternative descriptions of self-injury that provide new insights into its initiation and maintenance. Method Forty hours of observations for each of 32 participants were collected in a contiguous two-week period. Twenty categories of behavioural and environmental events were recorded electronically that captured the precise time each observation occurred. Temporal behavioural/environmental patterns associated with self-injurious events were revealed with a method (t-patterns; THEME) for detecting non-linear, real-time patterns. Results Results indicated that acts of self-injury contributed both to more patterns and to more complex patterns. Moreover, self-injury left its imprint on the organization of behaviour even when counts of self-injury were expelled from the continuous record. Conclusions Behaviour of participants was organized in a more diverse array of patterns with SIB was present. Self-injuring acts may function as singular points, increasing coherence within self-organizing patterns of behaviour.

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“…The behaviour of the participant being observed was coded and recorded in real time using data capture software described by Emerson et al, (1996) running on a Psion "Workabout" hand-held computer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All reliability calculations were performed using the "Harcrel" package (cf. Emerson et al, 1996). Figure 1 shows, for each participant and each conversation, the percentage of time occupied by ontopic utterances produced by the participant; for intervention phase sessions the percentage of time occupied by on-topic conversation is shown separately for conversation with and without the memory aid.…”

Section: Inter-observer Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of individualized memory aids on the conversation of persons with severe dementia: A pilot study

McPherson

Furniss

Sdogati³

et al. 2001

Aging & Mental Health

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Bourgeois has shown that use of simple memory aids enhances the quality of conversation of persons with moderate Alzheimer-type dementia. We replicated Bourgeois' intervention with five people with severe dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination scores 0-4) and diagnoses of Alzheimer-type or vascular dementia, and evaluated the impact of the aids on the proportion of time participants spent on topic in conversation with carers. For three participants, use of the memory aid did not increase the proportion of time-spent on-topic. The remaining two participants, however, spent approximately twice as much time on-topic when using the aid as when conversing without it. Our results extend Bourgeois' work by showing that memory aids are helpful to some people with severe dementia.

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Time‐based lag sequential analysis and the functional assessment of challenging behavior

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

Use of the structured descriptive assessment to identify possible functions of challenging behaviour exhibited by adults with brain injury

Use of the structured descriptive assessment to identify possible functions of challenging behaviour exhibited by adults with brain injury

The role of self‐injury in the organisation of behaviour

Effects of individualized memory aids on the conversation of persons with severe dementia: A pilot study

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