Tild

Abstract

After genome project in 1990s, researches which are involved with gene have been progressed. These studies unearthed that gene is cause of disease, and relations between gene and disease are important. In this reason, we proposed a strategy called TILD that identifies cancer-related genes using title information in literature data. To implement our method, we selected cancerspecific literature data from the online database. We then extracted genes using text mining. In the next step, we classified into two kinds for extracted genes using title information. If genes are located in title, then they are classified as hub genes. In the contrast, if genes are located in body, then they are classified as sub genes which are connected with hub genes. We iterated the processes for each paper to construct the cancer-specific local gene network. In the last step, we constructed global cancerspecific gene network by integrating all local gene network, and calculated a score for each gene based on analysis of the global gene network. We assumed that genes in title have meaningful relations with cancer, and other genes in the body are related with the title genes. For validation, we compared with other methods for the top 20 genes inferred by each approach. Our approach found more cancer-related genes than comparable methods. METHODSWe proposed a method to identify cancer-genes using title information in literature data. We obtained abstract data from the PubMed. After preprocessing of the abstract data, we extracted genes in the literature. We then constructed local cancer gene network based on genes which are extracted by text-mining results. If the location of gene is title, then the gene is used as hub gene in local gene network. Otherwise, if the location of gene is text, then the gene is used as sub gene which is linked by hub gene. If the title of literature does not contain genes, then the literature is not used. The relations between hub genes and sub genes have weight. The weight is calculated based on location and frequency. The process of constructing local gene network is implemented for each paper. After constructing local gene network, we integrated all local gene networks to make global cancer gene network. Scoring FunctionWe assumed that gene which is located in title has meaningful relations with cancer. We calculated a weight for each relation between genes using the frequency and location information. If title of literature has multi-genes then the relations between these genes have largest weight. On the contrary, the relations between sub genes which are included in text are removed in local gene network. The weight of relations between hub genes and sub genes is proportion to the frequency of sub gene. The frequency means the number of gene which is appeared in literature. The weight is calculated as follows: weight h, h 1 weight h, s weight s, s 0Here, h denotes the hub gene, and s denotes the sub gene. N indicates the number of all genes which are appeared in text area for each paper. The frequency(s)...

Challenges and opportunities for small volumes delivery into the skin

“…These volumes are typically injected at different penetration depths, ranging from hundreds of microns to tens of millimeters (Figure 19): II). c) Penetration depth (mm) of the transdermal drug delivery systems summarized in subsections 4.1-4.4: jet injector, 39,115,[177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185] microjet, 39,135,137,170 microneedles [186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194] and tattooing. 170,[195][196][197] There is mounting evidence that intradermal delivery (ID) of vaccines increases the effectiveness of these procedures, which traditionally are done either intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (subC).…”

“…and vaccines (hepatitis B, HPV, etc.). 190 A recent example shows that vaccination in mice using microneedles patches coated with the vaccine against Influenza-virus like particle (VLP) induced protection similar or better than IM immunization. The study also showed an improved efficacy of protection after 14 months of vaccination.…”

“…b) Maximum penetration depth (mm) of the imaging techniques described in Section 2 (References can be found in TableII). c) Penetration depth (mm) of the transdermal drug delivery systems summarized in subsections 4.1-4.4: jet injector,39,115,[177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185] microjet,39,135,137,170 microneedles[186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194] and tattooing 170,[195][196][197]. SC: Stratum corneum, E: Epidermis, D: Dermis, H: Hypodermis (i.e.…”