Tikiri—Towards a lightweight blockchain for IoT

Bandara, Eranga; Tosh, Deepak K.; Foytik, Peter; Shetty, Sachin; Ranasinghe, Nalin; Zoysa, Kasun De

doi:10.1016/j.future.2021.02.006

Cited by 53 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Consequently, blockchain protocols should be light-weighted to be applied to IoT devices. Bandara et al (2021) [25] proposed a lightweight blockchain platform called Tikiri, using Apache Kafka for the consensus mechanism. The platform uses a new blockchain architecture to handle concurrent transactions.…”

Section: ) Iot and Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Blockchain-Based IoT Framework for Oil Field Remote Monitoring and Control

Zuo

2022

IEEE Access

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The oil and gas industry involves a high level of operational expenditure and often faces high risks of asset safety and operational failures. It has never been so important to monitor and control the oil field operations remotely in real-time to ensure safety and efficiency. The traditional monitoring and control systems for oil field operations are typically centralized, prone to failure, and lack efficiency. Blockchain technology mitigates the centralization problem by creating a decentralized, immutable and transparent control environment for automatic monitoring and control of industrial operations. In this study, we propose a blockchain-based IoT framework for real-time monitoring and control to increase oil field operation and asset efficiency and safety. We present the key components of the framework, including the system architecture, operation flows, algorithms, and smart contracts. As a proof-of-concept modeling, a smart contract is developed and validated on a blockchain test platform. A comparative analysis shows the advantages of using blockchain technology and smart contract to provide trustworthy and automatic monitoring and control for oil field operations.INDEX TERMS Internet of Things, Blockchain, smart contract, remote monitoring, control, industrial operations.

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Section: ) Iot and Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Blockchain-Based IoT Framework for Oil Field Remote Monitoring and Control

Zuo

2022

IEEE Access

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“…To address the scalability challenge of blockchain-based systems, Bandara et al [22] introduced a lightweight blockchain for IoT. In their work, the authors also used the Apache Kafka consensus to enhance scalability and real-time transaction execution on the blockchain.…”

Section: Blockchain In Iot and Sensor Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Secure and Scalable Maritime Monitoring System Using Blockchain and Low-Cost IoT Technology

Freire

Melo

Nascimento

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) is a strategic field of study that seeks to provide a coastal country with an effective monitoring of its maritime resources and its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In this scope, a Maritime Monitoring System (MMS) aims to leverage active surveillance of military and non-military activities at sea using sensing devices such as radars, optronics, automatic Identification Systems (AISs), and IoT, among others. However, deploying a nation-scale MMS imposes great challenges regarding the scalability and cybersecurity of this heterogeneous system. Aiming to address these challenges, this work explores the use of blockchain to leverage MMS cybersecurity and to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and availability of relevant navigation data. We propose a prototype built on a permissioned blockchain solution using HyperLedger Fabric—a robust, modular, and efficient open-source blockchain platform. We evaluate this solution’s performance through a practical experiment where the prototype receives sensing data from a Software-Defined-Radio (SDR)-based low-cost AIS receiver built with a Raspberry Pi. In order to reduce scalability attrition, we developed a dockerized blockchain client easily deployed on a large scale. Furthermore, we determined, through extensive experimentation, the client optimal hardware configuration, also aiming to reduce implementation and maintenance costs. The performance results provide a quantitative analysis of the blockchain technology overhead and its impact in terms of Quality of Service (QoS), demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of our solution in the scope of an MMS using AIS data.

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“…[86] NS-3 Consensus processing time, implementation cost (hardware implementation area), power consumption [87] N/A Storage cost [88] Python & NS-3 Storage cost, block propagation time, number of calculations [89] N/A Storage cost [90] Cooja Number of transactions mined, latency, consensus time, energy consumption [91] C The increment of the Flash and RAM memory occupation and the average network latency [92] Hyperledger Storage efficiency, computational cost, communication cost [93] Ethereum Computational complexity, communication overhead [94] N/A CPU usage, memory usage, transactions performance [95] Matlab Consensus algorithm complexity, consensus efficiency [96] N/A Transaction throughput, memory usage, CPU utilization, bandwidth consumption [97] N/A Resource utilization, consensus delay [98] Ethereum Blockchain size, CPU and memory overhead, storage latency, PKI latency [99] Ethereum Storage cost, computational cost [100] N/A Computational cost, communication overhead [101] Hyperledger Transactions per second, consensus delay, communication times [102] Hyperledger Transactions per second, scalability, storage cost, block weight N/A Transactions per second [103] Hyperledger Scalability, storage cost, transactions delay, processing time [104] N/A DAG consensus: cumulative weights, number of tips, simulation time [106] Python Transaction confirmation overhead, validation overhead [107] Matlab Operating capability under the symmetric and asymmetric information environments [108] Python Authentication delay, application delay, network usage and energy consumption [109] Ethereum Gas cost, response time [110] Python Storage overhead, consensus latency [111] Hyperledger Transfer speed, migration time [112] Ethereum Disk usage, memory allocation, CPU usage, throughput, power consumption [113] NS3 Cryptography computational cost [114] N/A Power consumption, CPU usage, block transmission cost, message transmission overhead [114] Java Computational cost, storage, communication overhead, consensus delay...…”

Section: A Lightweight Blockchain Technical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

et al. 2022

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The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an essential part of our society. IoT devices are used in our houses, hospitals, cars, industry, etc., making our lives easier. Nonetheless, there are a number of serious concerns about security, privacy and performance issues in IoT. It has been proven that the aforementioned issues are strictly related to the high degree of centralisation of current IoT architecture. Thus, there is an increasing interest in adopting blockchain in IoT. However, blockchain adoption is not straightforward due to the power, storage and computational limitations of IoT. Consequently, the concept of lightweight blockchain is getting more and more attention from researchers and engineers. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review on the lightweight blockchain concept for IoT following the PRISMA methodology. We systematically analyse "lightweight blockchain for IoT" proposals in order to better understand the limitations of blockchain for IoT, the characteristics of the current work on this topic and further research opportunities. Specifically, we analyse the definition of lightweight blockchain that other authors give, the characteristics of the reviewed proposals, their "lightweight" aspects and their evaluation. Finally, we discuss the results of the review along with further research opportunities. Consequently, this work is mostly focused on understanding the technical and performance-related aspects of blockchain for IoT as a prelude to more specific analysis such as security (i.e., attacks, vulnerabilities, etc.).

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Tikiri—Towards a lightweight blockchain for IoT

Cited by 53 publications

References 18 publications

A Blockchain-Based IoT Framework for Oil Field Remote Monitoring and Control

A Blockchain-Based IoT Framework for Oil Field Remote Monitoring and Control

Towards a Secure and Scalable Maritime Monitoring System Using Blockchain and Low-Cost IoT Technology

A Systematic Literature Review of Lightweight Blockchain for IoT

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