Abstract. This paper generalizes the mixed extension principle in L 2 (R For s > 0, the key of this general mixed extension principle is the regularity of , k ∈ Z} is a wavelet frame in H s (R) for any 0 < s < m − 1/2, where B m is the B-spline of order m. This simple construction is also applied to multivariate box splines to obtain wavelet frames with short supports, noting that it is hard to construct nonseparable multivariate wavelet frames with small supports. Applying this general mixed extension principle, we obtain and characterize dual Riesz bases (. For example, all interpolatory wavelet systems in [25] generated by an interpolatory refinable function φ ∈ H s (R) with s > 1/2 are Riesz bases of the Sobolev space H s (R). This general mixed extension principle also naturally leads to a characterization of the Sobolev norm of a function in terms of weighted norm of its wavelet coefficient sequence (decomposition sequence) without requiring that dual wavelet frames should be in L 2 (R d ), which is quite different to other approaches in the literature.