“…If we consider the system, a perfect high NA converging lens and a diverging lens encompass the third-order spherical aberration. The intensity distribution of the lens axicon is evaluated using above explicit formula by substituting the function P(Â) by the function P(Â) T(Â), where T(Â) is written as [17,19]:…”
“…If we consider the system, a perfect high NA converging lens and a diverging lens encompass the third-order spherical aberration. The intensity distribution of the lens axicon is evaluated using above explicit formula by substituting the function P(Â) by the function P(Â) T(Â), where T(Â) is written as [17,19]:…”
“…Such optical fields are expected to be valuable in providing alternative illumination conditions in an optical microscope [19][20][21], increasing optical data storage density [22] or multi-plane micromanipulation of nanoparticles [23,24]. Various methods, based on RP beams, have theoretically predicted the generation of optical needles using diffractive optical elements consisting of several belts [25][26][27][28][29] to promote constructive and destructive interferences at the focal region. The tight focusing of RPBG beams has been shown to be a practical way to generate longitudinally-polarized optical needles [30][31][32][33][34].…”
Longitudinally polarized optical needles are beams that exhibit ultra-long depth of field, subwavelength transverse confinement, and polarization oriented along the longitudinal direction. Although several techniques have been proposed to generate such needles, their scarce experimental observations have been indirect and incomplete. Here, we demonstrate the creation and full three-dimensional verification of a longitudinally polarized optical needle. This needle is produced by generating a radially polarized Bessel-Gauss beam at the focus of a high numerical aperture microscope objective. Using three-dimensional spatial mapping of second-harmonic generation from a single vertically aligned GaAs nanowire, we directly verify such a longitudinally polarized optical needle's properties, which are formed at the focus. The needle exhibits a dominant polarization, which is oriented along the longitudinal direction, an ultra-long depth of field (30 λ), and high spatial homogeneity. These are in agreement with corresponding focal field calculations that use vector diffraction theory. Our findings open new opportunities for manipulation and utilization of longitudinally polarized optical needles.
“…Hollow beams have been shown to generate slightly tighter focal spot size compared to Gaussian beams 34 . As this new Dual-Beam method is based on a portion of a hollow beam, the tightening effect is also seen (see Fig.…”
Several detrimental effects limit the use of ultrafast lasers in multi-photon processing and the direct manufacture of integrated photonics devices, not least, dispersion, aberrations, depth dependence, undesirable ablation at a surface, limited depth of writing, nonlinear optical effects such as supercontinuum generation and filamentation due to Kerr self-focusing. We show that all these effects can be significantly reduced if not eliminated using two coherent, ultrafast laser-beams through a single lens - which we call the Dual-Beam technique. Simulations and experimental measurements at the focus are used to understand how the Dual-Beam technique can mitigate these problems. The high peak laser intensity is only formed at the aberration-free tightly localised focal spot, simultaneously, suppressing unwanted nonlinear side effects for any intensity or processing depth. Therefore, we believe this simple and innovative technique makes the fs laser capable of much more at even higher intensities than previously possible, allowing applications in multi-photon processing, bio-medical imaging, laser surgery of cells, tissue and in ophthalmology, along with laser writing of waveguides.
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