Ticks infesting animals in the Sudan and southern Sudan: Past and current status

ELGhali, A.; Hassan, S.M.

doi:10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.431

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Jongejan et al [ 128 ] identified twenty-four adult ixodid tick species, infesting livestock and some wildlife hosts along the Blue and White Nile. More than 70 species of ticks are identified from Sudanese tick fauna, many of which are proven vector of major tick-borne diseases [ 129 , 130 , 131 ]. Three genera ( Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Rhipicephalus ) and various species of ticks were identified from cattle, sheep, goat and camels.…”

Section: Diversity and Distribution Of Ticks In Arab Countries In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases of Livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review

Perveen

Muzaffar

Al-Deeb

2021

Insects

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Ticks are important vectors of an array of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens resulting in a wide range of animal and human diseases. There is limited information in the literature about tick species in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, even though they have suitable climate and vegetation for ticks and their hosts. We reviewed the occurrence of tick species and the pathogens they transmit from the MENA on published papers from 1901–2020. We found taxonomic records of 55 tick species infesting livestock representing the following eight genera: Ornithodoros, Otobius, Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes, and Rhipicephalus. In addition, 15 pathogens were recorded causing diseases of significance, with Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, theileriosis, babesiosis and anaplasmosis being widely distributed diseases in the region. In recent decades, there has been increasing trends in disease occurrence and movement associated with global movement of humans and global trade of animals. We suggest that disease control and prevention could be achieved effectively through good integration between public health, veterinary medicine and animal management, and ecological approaches. We recommend further research in the areas of tick ecology and tick born-disease transmission. Furthermore, we suggest evaluation and improvement of disease control policies in the region.

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Section: Diversity and Distribution Of Ticks In Arab Countries In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases of Livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review

Perveen

Muzaffar

Al-Deeb

2021

Insects

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“…One of the most abundant species in Egypt (Al‐Hosary et al., ) and Sudan (Ahmed et al., , El Ghali & Hassan, ).…”

Section: Tick Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current status of tropical theileriosis in Northern Africa: A review of recent epidemiological investigations and implications for control

Gharbi

Darghouth

Elati

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Tropical theileriosis caused by the apicomplexan hemoparasite Theileria annulata is a tick‐borne disease that constraints livestock production in parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Four Hyalomma tick species transmit T. annulata in at least eight Africa countries (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia). The two dominant T. annulata vector ticks present in Africa, H. scupense and H. anatolicum, underlie two different patterns of transmission, which in turn greatly influence the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis. H. dromedarii and H. lusitanicum are also capable of transmitting T. annulata in North Africa, but their roles are associated with specific production systems and agro‐ecological contexts. The emergence of resistance to the most widely used theilericidal compound, buparvaquone, continues to limit the effectiveness of chemotherapy. In addition, acaricide use is increasingly becoming unsustainable. Deployable T. annulata attenuated live vaccines established from local strains in Tunisia, Sudan and Egypt are available, and recent work has indicated that these vaccines can be protective under conditions of natural transmission. However, vaccination programmes may vary over space and time due to differences in the prevalence of disease amongst cattle populations, as well seasonal variation in vector activity. We review recent descriptive and analytical surveys on the epidemiology of T. annulata infection with reference to (a) demographic aspects such as breeds and ages of cattle herds previously exposed to distinct T. annulata infection pressures and (b) seasonal dynamics of tick activity and disease transmission. We then discuss how the wider endemic patterns that we delineate can underpin the development and execution of future vaccination programmes. We also outline options for integrated control measures targeting tick vectors and husbandry practices.

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“…that infect livestock are common in central Sudan. The extraordinary climatic and ecological diversity in Sudan, ranging from the desert zone in the north to wooded savannahs in the south together with a wide range of domestic and wildlife hosts, accommodate the biological requirements of a variety of tick species (Elghali & Hassan, 2012). Amblyomma exornatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and nine Hyalomma spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amblyomma exornatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and nine Hyalomma spp. are common in northern Sudan (Hoogstraal, 1956), with H. anatolicum the most prevalent (A Elghali & Hassan, 2012). Theileria lestoquardi and T. annulata are known to be widespread across the country (Salih et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theileria lestoquardi in Sudan is highly diverse and genetically distinct from that in Oman

Awad

Al-Hamidhi

Hussein

et al. 2018

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Malignant ovine theileriosis is a severe tick-borne protozoan disease of sheep and other small ruminants which is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. The disease is of considerable economic importance in Sudan as the export of livestock provides a major contribution to the gross domestic product of this country. Molecular surveys have demonstrated a high prevalence of sub-clinical infections of Theileria lestoquardi, the causative agent, among small ruminants. No information is currently available on the extent of genetic diversity and genetic exchange among parasites in different areas of the country. The present study used a panel of T. lestoquardi specific micro- and mini-satellite genetic markers to assess diversity of parasites in Sudan (Africa) and compared it to that of the parasite population in Oman (Asia). A moderate level of genetic diversity was observed among parasites in Sudan, similar to that previously documented among parasites in Oman. However, a higher level of mixed-genotype infection was identified in Sudanese animals compared to Omani animals, consistent with a higher rate of tick transmission. In addition, the T. lestoquardi genotypes detected in these two countries form genetically distinct groups. The results of this work highlight the need for analysis of T. lestoquardi populations in other endemic areas in the region to inform on novel approaches for controlling malignant theileriosis.

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Ticks infesting animals in the Sudan and southern Sudan: Past and current status

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases of Livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review

Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases of Livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A Review

Current status of tropical theileriosis in Northern Africa: A review of recent epidemiological investigations and implications for control

Theileria lestoquardi in Sudan is highly diverse and genetically distinct from that in Oman

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