Tickborne Encephalitis in Naturally Exposed Monkey (<i>Macaca sylvanus)</i>

Süß, Jochen; Gelpí, Ellen; Klaus, Christine; Bagon, Audrey; Liebler-Tenorio, Elisabeth M.; Budka, Herbert; Stark, Bernhard; Müller, W; Hotzel, Helmut

doi:10.3201/eid1306.061173

Cited by 43 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a natural TBEV infection in a sheep in Europe with clinical manifestation. Single cases of TBEV infection have been described in dogs [ 8 – 10 ], horses [ 11 – 13 ], small ruminants [ 20 , 21 , 31 , 32 ] and a monkey [ 14 , 15 ]. The number of unreported/undetected cases remains unclear as the clinical signs, albeit neurological, are non-specific and maybe interpreted by owners and veterinarians most likely as a L.monocytogenes infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In veterinary medicine, clinical cases of TBE with neurological symptoms are rarely described, but have been reported in dogs for more than 30 years [ 8 – 10 ], as well as in horses [ 11 – 13 ] and monkey [ 14 , 15 ]. In ruminants, like cows, goats and sheep as well as wild species such as roe deer and red foxes, TBEV antibody titres are observed without clinical symptoms [ 3 , 16 – 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tick-borne encephalitis in a naturally infected sheep

Böhm¹,

Schade²,

Bauer³

et al. 2017

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important viral tick borne zoonosis in Europe. In Germany, about 250 human cases are registered annually, with the highest incidence reported in the last years coming from the federal states Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg. In veterinary medicine, only sporadic cases in wild and domestic animals have been reported; however, a high number of wild and domestic animals have tested positive for the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) antibody.Case presentationIn May 2015, a five-month-old lamb from a farm with 15 Merino Land sheep and offspring in Nersingen/Bavaria, a TBEV risk area, showed impaired general health with pyrexia and acute neurological signs. The sheep suffered from ataxia, torticollis, tremor, nystagmus, salivation and finally somnolence with inappetence and recumbency. After euthanasia, pathological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, bacteriological, parasitological and virological analyses were performed. Additionally, blood samples from the remaining, healthy sheep in the herd were taken for detection of TBEV antibody titres. At necropsy and accompanying parasitology, the sheep showed a moderate to severe infection with Trichostrongylids, Moniezia and Eimeria species. Histopathology revealed mild to moderate necrotising, lymphohistiocytic and granulocytic meningoencephalitis with gliosis and neuronophagia. Immunohistochemistry for TBEV was negative. RNA of a TBEV strain, closely related to the Kumlinge A52 strain, was detected in the brain by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and subsequent PCR product sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship to the TBEV of central Europe. TBEV was cultured from brain tissue. Serologically, one of blood samples from the other sheep in the herd was positive for TBEV in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in a serum neutralisation test (SNT), and one was borderline in an ELISA.ConclusionTo the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of a natural TBEV infection in a sheep in Europe with clinical manifestation, which describes the clinical presentation and the histopathology of TBEV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-borne encephalitis in a naturally infected sheep

Böhm¹,

Schade²,

Bauer³

et al. 2017

BMC Vet Res

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“…Experimental infection of macaques results in viral persistence and encephalitis (Frolova et al 1985;Kenyon et al 1992;Pogodina et al 1981). A naturally occurring case of TBE was reported in a macaque at a German monkey park (Suss et al 2007). Using the rhesus monkey model of intranasal infection a commercial vaccine protected against a wild-type virus isolate and elicited an effective immune reaction without any evidence of immune enhancement .…”

Section: Tick-borne Encephalitis (Tbe) (Flaviviridae)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Macaque Models of Human Infectious Disease

Gardner¹,

Luciw²

2008

ILAR Journal

170

133

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Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents-bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.

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“…Monkeys (e.g. Macaca sylvanus) can develop clinical signs and lesions similar to those observed in humans (13,62), but in livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, clinical signs are only rarely observed (40). Although sparse, reports exist of TBE in horses with clinical signs including poor general condition, anorexia, ataxia, sudden cramps, seizures, and paralysis of the neck and shoulder muscles (41,43).…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-borne encephalitis

Valarcher

Hägglund²,

Juremalm³

et al. 2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a zoonotic arbovirosis caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), is an increasing public health concern. Infections result in neurological symptoms in humans and the virus has rapidly expanded to new geographical areas. Three subtypes are currently present in different parts of Europe and Asia. The virus is transmitted by ticks, mainly Ixodes spp., between small mammals such as rodents, which serve as virus amplifying hosts. Humans are infected sporadically, either by a tick bite or by ingestion of infected milk or milk products. Other mammals (e.g. ruminants) can also be infected, but most of the time do not show clinical signs. In contrast to rodents, other wild and domestic mammals probably play only a very small direct role in maintaining TBEV in an area, but they might play an important role as hosts in sustaining a large tick population. Therefore, the virus prevalence and the occurrence of TBE can be influenced by several environmental, genetic and behavioural factors associated with the virus, the vectors or the hosts, and understanding these factors is essential for implementation of effective control measures. This article reviews virus characteristics and the epidemiological and clinical aspects of TBEV infections and examines pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches and control measures.

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Tickborne Encephalitis in Naturally Exposed Monkey (Macaca sylvanus)

Abstract: We describe tickborne encephalitis (TBE) in a monkey (Macaca sylvanus) after natural exposure in an area at risk for TBE. TBE virus was present in the brain and could be identified as closely related to the European subtype, strain Neudoerfl.

Cited by 43 publications

References 9 publications

Tick-borne encephalitis in a naturally infected sheep

Tick-borne encephalitis in a naturally infected sheep

Macaque Models of Human Infectious Disease

Tick-borne encephalitis

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