Tick Salivary Gland Extract Inhibits Killing of<i>Borrelia afzelii</i>Spirochetes by Mouse Macrophages

Kuthejlová, Marie; Kopecký, Jan; Stepanova, G. P.; Macela, Aleš

doi:10.1128/iai.69.1.575-578.2001

Cited by 64 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Similarly, Th1 immunity seems to be important for the control of Borrelia spirochete transmission (Zeidner et al 1996(Zeidner et al , 1997. Moreover, Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) exert a strong anti-inflammatory effect in terms of suppression of macrophage functions including production of NO, which represents an important Borrelia killing mechanism (Modolell et al 1994, Kuthejlová et al 2001. In this way, immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva facilitate pathogen transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tick salivary gland extract on the cytokine production by mouse epidermal cells

Pechová

Kopecký²,

Salát³

2004

FOLIA PARASIT

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Abstract. Previous studies have demonstrated that both tick saliva and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato antigens modulate the cytokine response of the host. In this paper, the effect of salivary gland extract (SGE) from Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) ticks on cytokine production by primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells stimulated with Borrelia afzelii Canica, Nato, du Merle, Mazie, Baranton et Postic, 1993 spirochetes was analysed. Epidermal cells were derived from C3H/HeN mice, susceptible to Lyme disease, and BALB/c mice, which are resistant. In cultures from C3H/HeN mice, SGE down regulated production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and up regulated Th2 cytokine, interleukin 4 (IL-4). Cultures from BALB/c mice produced higher basal levels of monitored cytokines, but their production was affected by SGE a different way. While Th2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were down regulated, the effect on TNF-α and IL-4 was ambiguous. These results indicate that the effect of tick saliva on the epidermal cells of Lyme disease-susceptible C3H/HeN mice mirrors its effect on other cells of the immune system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tick salivary gland extract on the cytokine production by mouse epidermal cells

Pechová

Kopecký²,

Salát³

2004

FOLIA PARASIT

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“…A decreased phagocytic capacity of human neutrophils and of mouse macrophages in the presence of I. ricinus or I. scapularis saliva was described (18,25). Because neutrophil infiltration is massive at the tick bite site, we hypothesized that tick saliva could facilitate bacterial propagation by decreasing NET formation.…”

Section: Effect Of I Ricinus Sge On Ros Production By Activated Humamentioning

confidence: 93%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Menten-Dedoyart

Faccinetto

Golovchenko

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. They are transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus ticks. After a few hours of infestation, neutrophils massively infiltrate the bite site. They can kill Borrelia via phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and hydrolytic enzymes. However, factors in tick saliva promote propagation of the bacteria in the host even in the presence of a large number of neutrophils. The neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) consists in the extrusion of the neutrophil’s own DNA, forming traps that can retain and kill bacteria. The production of reactive oxygen species is apparently associated with the onset of NETs (NETosis). In this article, we describe NET formation at the tick bite site in vivo in mice. We show that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes become trapped and killed by NETs in humans and that the bacteria do not seem to release significant nucleases to evade this process. Saliva from I. ricinus did not affect NET formation by human neutrophils or its stability. However, it greatly decreased neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that a strong decrease of hydrogen peroxide does not affect NET formation. Finally, round bodies trapped in NETs were observed, some of them staining as live bacteria. This observation could help contribute to a better understanding of the early steps of Borrelia invasion and erythema migrans formation after tick bite.

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“…The inhibitory effect of tick SGE on NK cells (Kubeš et al 1994, Kopecký and Kuthejlová 1998) and on the production of nitric oxide by macrophages (Kuthejlová et al 2001) were reported. An IL-2 binding protein was identified in the saliva of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis (Gillespie et al 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex

Rolníková

Kazimírová²,

Buc³

2003

FOLIA PARASIT

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Abstract. Ixodid ticks remain attached to their hosts for several days to weeks. During this extended feeding process new proteins involved in the modulation of host immune responses are expressed in tick salivary glands. In our study a stimulatory or inhibitory effect of salivary gland extracts (SGE) of unfed and partially fed female Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758), female and male Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901 ticks on human lymphocyte proliferation induced by Concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), respectively, was investigated. SGE of all female ticks examined suppressed proliferation of ConA-induced lymphocytes; highly significant suppression was observed in the presence of unfed I. ricinus and 9-day fed A. variegatum SGE. SGE of partially fed A. variegatum and I. ricinus females suppressed PHA responses of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes showed reduced PHA and ConA responses in the presence of SGE of unfed and 2-day fed R. appendiculatus females, while SGE of 6-day fed females enhanced PHA responses, but reduced their ConA responses; generally SGE of 2-day fed females displayed the strongest inhibition. Amblyomma variegatum male SGE slightly enhanced PHA, but significantly reduced ConA responses of lymphocytes and their inhibitory effect increased during feeding. SGE of unfed and 2-day fed R. appendiculatus males enhanced PHA and ConA responses and those of 6-day fed males suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. The results suggest that (i) species-and sex-specific differences exist in the effects of tick salivary gland antigens on human lymphocyte proliferation and (ii) effect of SGE on human lymphocyte responses to mitogens varies depending on the tick feeding status.

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Tick Salivary Gland Extract Inhibits Killing ofBorrelia afzeliiSpirochetes by Mouse Macrophages

Cited by 64 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of tick salivary gland extract on the cytokine production by mouse epidermal cells

Effect of tick salivary gland extract on the cytokine production by mouse epidermal cells

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex

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