Tick pests and vectors (Acari: Ixodoidea) in European towns: Introduction, persistence and management

Uspensky, İgor

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.07.011

Cited by 65 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The chance of coming into contact with infected ticks is largely dependent upon the environment and the presence of appropriate hosts, and on whether the ticks or the vertebrate hosts act as reservoirs of the infection [26]. In countries like Italy, characterized by a variety of ecological and climatic characteristics, as well as different regional human habits, the distribution pattern of human TBDs varies greatly from north to south [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks infesting humans in Italy and associated pathogens

et al. 2014

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BackgroundTicks may transmit a large variety of pathogens, which cause illnesses in animals and humans, commonly referred to as to tick-borne diseases (TBDs). The incidence of human TBDs in Italy is underestimated because of poor surveillance and the scant amount of studies available.MethodsSamples (n = 561) were collected from humans in four main geographical areas of Italy (i.e., northwestern, northeastern, southern Italy, and Sicily), which represent a variety of environments. After being morphologically identified, ticks were molecularly tested with selected protocols for the presence of pathogens of the genera Rickettsia, Babesia, Theileria, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Borrelia and Anaplasma.ResultsTicks belonged to 16 species of the genera Argas, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus, with Ixodes ricinus (59.5%) being the species most frequently retrieved, followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (21.4%). Nymphs were the life stage most frequently retrieved (41%), followed by adult females (34.6%). The overall positivity to any pathogen detected was 18%. Detected microorganisms were Rickettsia spp. (17.0%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (0.8%), Borrelia afzelii (0.5%), Borrelia valaisiana (0.3%), C. N. mikurensis (0.5%) and Babesia venatorum (0.6%).ConclusionsResults indicate that people living in the Italian peninsula are at risk of being bitten by different tick species, which may transmit a plethora of TBD causing pathogens and that co-infections may also occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks infesting humans in Italy and associated pathogens

et al. 2014

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“…Ticks have always been a part of urban fauna, especially in suburban areas. The urbanization and human activities connected with it may often positively influence the occurrence and abundance of ticks (Upensky 2014). It can be assumed that in this case, hosts of adult D. reticulatus are probably dogs which may also carry infected ticks from endemic to non-endemic areas and into close vicinity of humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from natural and urban environment, Poland

et al. 2014

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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a human infection involving the central nervous system. The disease is endemic in a large region in Eurasia, where it is transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks. It is known that also Dermacentorreticulatus is involved in circulation of TBEV. However, the current knowledge of D. reticulatus importance in TBE epidemiology is still insufficient. A total of 471 adult D.reticulatus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Biebrza National Park, Masurian Landscape Park (North-Eastern Poland) and in the city of Warsaw in the years 2007–2010. All collected ticks were examined individually for the presence of RNA of TBEV using nested RT-PCR assay. Positive results were noted in all investigated localities with the infection rate ranging from 0.99 to 12.5 % with a total mean of 2.12 %. The difference in the percentage of infective males and females was not statistically significant.

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“…Conditions of modern urban and especially suburban environment in developed European countries adequately meet tick requirements (Uspensky 2014). A review by Rizzoli et al (2014) indicates that urbanized areas in Europe harbor ticks infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and have a high prevalence of borrelia-infected ticks.…”

Section: Changes In Geographical Distribution and Drivers Of Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding the ecology of ticks and their associations with blood hosts in a European urbanized environment is important for risk assessment and identification of public health strategies for control and prevention of tick-borne diseases (Rizzoli et al 2014). Concrete control measures in urban areas could include better risk communication to the urban population, control of reservoir populations and changing other environmental conditions in parks and green areas to make them less suitable for ticks (Uspensky 2014).…”

Section: Changes In Geographical Distribution and Drivers Of Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in tick population dynamics and pathogen transmission in emerging tick-borne pathogens in Europe: an introduction

Hartemink

Takken

2016

Exp Appl Acarol

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Tick pests and vectors (Acari: Ixodoidea) in European towns: Introduction, persistence and management

Cited by 65 publications

References 53 publications

Ticks infesting humans in Italy and associated pathogens

Ticks infesting humans in Italy and associated pathogens

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from natural and urban environment, Poland

Trends in tick population dynamics and pathogen transmission in emerging tick-borne pathogens in Europe: an introduction

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