Tick-induced modulation of the host immune response

Wikel, Stephen K.; Ramachandra, Rangappa N.; Bergman, D. K.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(94)90059-0

Cited by 94 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These observations suggest that differences observed in severity of ehrlichiosis among blood inoculated and tick-transmission infected dogs in this study could be due to a dose effect or due to a difference between E. canis strains. Adult female ticks, which were included in other investigations, might also have affected the severity of disease through transmission of larger pathogen numbers or through a more pronounced pharmacological effect on the vertebrate host (Bergman et al, 1995;Stich et al, 1993;Wikel et al, 1994). Regardless of the mechanism(s) underlying the differences in observed clinical signs, these results underscore the relevance of experimental tick transmission in characterization and development of control measures for E. canis and possibly other tick-borne pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis by male Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Bremer

Schaefer

Wagner

et al. 2005

Veterinary Parasitology

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The acquisition and transmission of rickettsial pathogens by different tick developmental stages has important epidemiological implications. The purpose of this study was to determine if male Rhipicephalus sanguineus can experimentally acquire and transmit Ehrlichia canis in the absence of female ticks. Two trials were performed where nymphal and male R. sanguineus were simultaneously acquisition fed on the same infected donor hosts, and transstadially or intrastadially exposed male ticks were fed on separate pathogen-free dogs as a test for transmission. A single-step p30-based PCR assay was used to test canine and tick hosts for E. canis infections before and after tick feeding. E. canis was detected after either intrastadial or transstadial passage in male ticks, the organism remained detectable in both tick groups after transmission feeding, and both tick groups transmitted the rickettsia to susceptible dogs. Infection of dogs via tick feeding resulted in milder clinical signs and lower antibody titers than intravenous inoculation of carrier blood, but further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for this observation. These results demonstrate that male R. sanguineus can take multiple feedings, and that they can both acquire and transmit E. canis in the absence of female ticks. This tick development stage could be important in transmission of E. canis, and perhaps related pathogens, between vertebrate hosts under natural and experimental conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis by male Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Bremer

Schaefer

Wagner

et al. 2005

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…(ii) Host response may be disruptive to blood feeding, and salivary immunosuppressors may be produced, as in the case of ticks (11) and the New World sand f ly Lutzomyia longipalpis, which have potent salivary immunosuppressive activities (12)(13)(14). (iii) Allergic host responses may be of interest to the insect, as it may increase blood f low at the site of feeding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed-type hypersensitivity toPhlebotomus papatasisand fly bite: An adaptive response induced by the fly?

Belkaid

Valenzuela

Kamhawi

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The saliva of bloodsucking arthropods contains a large array of pharmacologically active compounds that assist hematophagy. Arthropod saliva is also responsible for causing uncomfortable allergic responses in its vertebrate hosts. In this article, we investigate whether the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi, known to produce a strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in humans, could benefit from, and possibly adaptively induce, this response in their vertebrate hosts. In this study, we show that flies fed on humans to completion nearly twice as fast in DTH sites as compared with normal skin sites. DTH sites had significantly larger blood flow as measured by the laser Doppler method. Sand flies feeding at sites in mouse ears that had a DTH response also fed faster than at normal sites. We conclude that in the case of P. papatasi, and possibly other arthropods such as fleas and bed bugs, the strong saliva-induced DTH response may reflect an adaptation of the fly to manipulate host immunity for the insect's own advantage.

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“…The field conditions are propitious for immune-suppression, which probably explains the abundance and wide distribution of ticks. The incomplete immune resistance established after repeated heavy infestations suggests that ticks were able to evade host immunity with their salivary glands secretion (Inokuma et al, 1993;Wikel et al, 1994). This intense antigenic stimulation favors the suppression of specific immune response to ticks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of effects of low and high tick infestations on acquired cattle tick resistance:Hyalomma marginatum marginatum

1998

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Tick-induced modulation of the host immune response

Cited by 94 publications

References 29 publications

Transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis by male Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of Ehrlichia canis by male Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Delayed-type hypersensitivity toPhlebotomus papatasisand fly bite: An adaptive response induced by the fly?

Comparison of effects of low and high tick infestations on acquired cattle tick resistance:Hyalomma marginatum marginatum

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