Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus in Horses, Austria, 2011

Rushton, James Oliver; Lecollinet, Sylvie; Hubálek, Zdeněk; Svobodová, Petra; Lussy, Helga; Nowotny, Norbert

doi:10.3201/eid1904.121450

Cited by 60 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…On the other hand, 77 HI-positive sera must be considered non-specific for USUV, most likely due to the well-known antigenic cross-reactivity of flaviviruses [15,16]. WNV competitive ELISAs may also be used for a combined WNV / USUV / tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) antibody screening, although these assays also show cross-reactions with other flaviviruses and thus the ELISA results must be verified by virus-specific PRNT, too [17]. Although WNV had never been observed in Switzerland and it emerged in Austria not before 2008 [18,19], i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Usutu virusseroprevalence in four zoological gardens in central Europe

Buchebner

Zenker²,

Wenker³

et al. 2013

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundUsutu virus (USUV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus antigenic group, caused bird die-offs in Austria, Hungary and Switzerland between 2001 and 2009. While the zoological gardens of Vienna and Zurich recorded USUV-associated mortality in different species of birds during this period, incidences in Budapest were limited to areas outside the zoo, and in the greater Basel area avian mortality due to USUV infection was not observed at all. The objectives of this investigation were to gain insight into USUV infection dynamics in captive birds in zoos with varying degrees of virus exposure and to study differences in susceptibility to USUV of different species of birds.Results372 bird sera were collected between October 2006 and August 2007. The samples were tested in parallel by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and 90% plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT-90). 8.75%, 5.3% and 6.59% of birds in the zoos of Vienna, Zurich and Basel, respectively, showed USUV-specific antibodies by PRNT-90. No antibodies to USUV were detected in birds of the Budapest zoo. The order Strigiformes (owls) exhibited the highest USUV-seroprevalence, compared to other orders of birds.ConclusionsUSUV seems not to pose an imminent threat to zoo bird populations in central Europe at the moment. Depending on a variety of especially environmental factors, however, this may change at any time in the (near) future, as experienced with West Nile virus (WNV). It is therefore strongly suggested to continue with combined WNV and USUV surveillance activities in affected areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PRNT-90 against WNV was carried out as described above for USUV, but with WNV strain Eg101 [17]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Usutu virusseroprevalence in four zoological gardens in central Europe

Buchebner

Zenker²,

Wenker³

et al. 2013

BMC Vet Res

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“…Due to the known cross reactivity between WNV and other flaviviruses, selected ELISA-positive samples (n = 48) were re-tested by WNV lineage 2-specific PRNT-90 as previously described [14,15].…”

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection in the horse population of northern Serbia

Medić

Hoven

Lupulović

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the horse population of northern Serbia. Furthermore, it aimed to provide insight and an updated overview on the circulation of this re-emerging pathogen in this part of southeastern Europe. At the time of manuscript preparation, no clinical cases of WNV infection in horses were reported in this area. Methodology: Between 2007 and 2011, a total of 252 equine serum samples were collected from seven different locations in northern Serbia. The presence of WNV-reactive IgG antibodies was examined by using commercial and in-house ELISAs. Selected ELISA-positive samples were re-tested by a WNV lineage 2 plaque reduction neutralization test 90% (PRNT-90). Results: In 28.6% of the 252 tested equine serum samples antibodies against WNV were detected. The results obtained with the in-house ELISA corresponded to the outcome of the commercial kit in 90% of the samples. All selected WNV antibody ELISA-positive samples were confirmed by PRNT-90 with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:23 to > 1:512. Conclusion: This study confirms the circulation of WNV in northern Serbia. No striking regional differences in seroprevalences were identified suggesting WNV circulation also in other parts of Serbia. Distances between wetlands or forests and stud farms do not appear to have an influence on WNV seroprevalence.

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“…According to the National Center for Zoonotic Diseases (NCZD), five of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases in Mongolia include tickborne rickettsiosis, anthrax, rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, and brucellosis. Worldwide, horses have been found to be carriers for all five of these diseases (Rushton et al 2013, Turner et al 1999, Merini et al 2010, Moraes Filho et al 2009, Santos et al 2016, Tahamtan et al 2010) and have been found specifically to carry rabies, anthrax, and brucellosis in Mongolia (Odontsetseg et al 2009, Zolzaya et al 2014, Odontsetseg et al 2007. A similar study rating the risks of zoonotic disease in Mongolia to humans and livestock found brucellosis, rabies, and anthrax to be three of the top four most important diseases, with the fourth being echinococcosis (McFadden et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission among Mongolian herder households caring for horses and camels

Sack

Daramragchaa²,

Chuluunbaatar³

et al. 2018

Pastoralism

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Mongolia has more than ten times as many livestock as people. Herders are dependent on their livestock for their livelihood, and seasonal movement is driven by the livestock's grazing needs. The daily, seasonal interactions between Mongolian herders and their livestock put herders at risk for several zoonotic diseases. The goals of this pilot study were to describe potential risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission and note how they differed for herder families between provinces (aimags). As part of a larger study, a household survey was administered to 131 households in Arkhangai, Uvurkhangai, and Umnugobi provinces aimags during 2016 and 2017. The study was limited due to its self-reported survey data and its convenience sample design. We did not capture specific disease data. All households cared for either or both horses (Equus ferus caballus) and Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). All households had a cell phone and access to a power source, primarily solar panels (93.1%). Families reported spending on average 3.9 h a day with their horses or camels. As all five of the most prevalent zoonotic pathogens in Mongolia have horses as reservoirs, and three of the five may also reservoir in Bactrian camels, herder families with horses or camels potentially experience daily risks from zoonotic diseases. Our pilot study data demonstrated that zoonotic disease transmission could occur through a number of ways, such as directly from contact with livestock or manure or from contaminated food, milk, or water. Sixty-four percent of herder households reported using dried manure for fuel. Unprocessed river water was often the primary source (52.7%) of drinking water, which is potentially contaminated with manure-borne pathogens. Fuel and water sources varied by herder household location. A unifying finding was the ubiquity of cellphones in all surveyed herder households, providing a potentially efficient method for public health communication.

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Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus in Horses, Austria, 2011

Abstract: An unexpectedly high infection rate (26.1%) of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was identified in a herd of 257 horses of the same breed distributed among 3 federal states in Austria. Young age (p<0.001) and male sex (p = 0.001) were positively associated with infection.

Cited by 60 publications

References 11 publications

Low Usutu virusseroprevalence in four zoological gardens in central Europe

Low Usutu virusseroprevalence in four zoological gardens in central Europe

Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection in the horse population of northern Serbia

Potential risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission among Mongolian herder households caring for horses and camels

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