Tic Disorders and Learning Disability: Clinical Characteristics, Cognitive Performance and Comorbidity

Eapen, Valsamma; Črnčec, Rudi; McPherson, Sarah; Snedden, Corina

doi:10.1017/jse.2013.2

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…All of these can lower self-esteem directly or have consequences that may lead to poorer psychosocial functioning and QoL. For example, tics and comorbid ADHD may interact to create a vicious cycle of distractibility and inability to focus, due to both the efforts in trying to control the tics and due to inattention of ADHD; similarly, tics and comorbid severe obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) may render an individual to check repeatedly, striving for perfection, and thus unable to finish school or office work ( 2 ). This may limit academic progress, while at the same time, negatively affecting the social outcomes and opportunities due to lack of education and under or unemployment.…”

Section: The Impact Of Comorbidities and Coexistent Psychopathologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbidities, Social Impact, and Quality of Life in Tourette Syndrome

2016

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Tourette syndrome (TS) is more than having motor and vocal tics, and this review will examine the varied comorbidities as well as the social impact and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with TS. The relationship between any individual and his/her environment is complex, and this is further exaggerated in the case of a person with TS. For example, tics may play a significant role in shaping the person’s experiences, perceptions, and interactions with the environment. Furthermore, associated clinical features, comorbidities, and coexisting psychopathologies may compound or alter this relationship. In this regard, the common comorbidities include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behaviors, obsessive compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, and coexistent problems include anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem, which can all lead to poorer psychosocial functioning and QoL. Thus, the symptoms of TS and the associated comorbid conditions may interact to result in a vicious cycle or a downward spiraling of negative experiences and poor QoL. The stigma and social maladjustment in TS and the social exclusion, bullying, and discrimination are considered to be caused in large part by misperceptions of the disorder by teachers, peers, and the wider community. Improved community and professional awareness about TS and related comorbidities and other psychopathologies as well as the provision of multidisciplinary services to meet the complex needs of this clinical population are critical. Future research to inform the risk and resilience factors for successful long-term outcomes is also warranted.

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Section: The Impact Of Comorbidities and Coexistent Psychopathologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbidities, Social Impact, and Quality of Life in Tourette Syndrome

2016

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“…Learning difficulties in TS have been studied as the result of the negative impact of tics on daily functioning. In special education and learning disability classes, the prevalence of tic disorders is approximately 10 times higher than in the general population [ 231 ]. In many cases, learning difficulties are associated with delays in learning skills, poor attention, hyperactivity, or other behavioral and/or psychological disorders [ 229 , 230 , 232 ].…”

Section: A Review Of Neuropsychological Functioning In Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Neuropsychological Dimensions of Tourette Syndrome

et al. 2017

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Neurocognitive functioning in Tourette syndrome (TS) has been the subject of intensive research in the past 30 years. A variety of impairments, presumably related to frontal and frontostriatal dysfunctions, have been observed. These impairments were found in various domains, such as attention, memory, executive functions, language, motor and visuomotor functions, among others. In line with contemporary research, other neurocognitive domains have recently been explored in TS, bringing evidence of altered social reasoning, for instance. Therefore, the aims of this review are to give an overview of the neuropsychological dimensions of TS, to report how neuropsychological functions evolve from childhood to adulthood, and to explain how various confounding factors can affect TS patients’ performance in neuropsychological tasks. Finally, an important contribution of this review is to show how recent research has confirmed or changed our beliefs about neuropsychological functioning in TS.

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“…The YGTSS is a semi-structured clinician rated scale assessing tic severity based on the presence of tics in the previous week. Tics were classified as “simple” if it involved only a single group of muscles or a simple vocal/phonic sound 3. It is to be noted that invariably all patients who had complex tics also had simple tics.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the core clinical features that are integral to TS, a wide range of other behavioral, emotional, and psychiatric conditions have been reported to occur more commonly in TS as compared to the general population (eg, ADHD in 60% of the TS population as compared to 5%–10% in the general population and OCD in 30%–50% of the TS population as compared to 1%–3% in the general population) and previous studies have also suggested that increased tic severity is associated with increased psychopathology 4,7–11. Further, TS has been to a lesser extent associated with autism spectrum disorder 3,9,11. A number of co-existent psychopathologies have also been described in TS including anxiety, depression, learning difficulties, personality disorder, impulse control, aggression, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder 6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…TS is associated with both simple and complex tics. Simple motor tics are restricted to a small group of muscles in the body and simple vocal tics to small sounds including throat clearing or sniffing 3. Complex tics involve several muscle groups or purposeful movements including touching or sniffing objects as well as the use of words or phrases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are there distinct subtypes in Tourette syndrome? Pure-Tourette syndrome versus Tourette syndrome-plus, and simple versus complex tics

Eapen¹,

Robertson²

2015

NDT

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This study addressed several questions relating to the core features of Tourette syndrome (TS) including in particular coprolalia (involuntary utterance of obscene words) and copropraxia (involuntary and inappropriate rude gesturing). A cohort of 400 TS patients was investigated. We observed that coprolalia occurred in 39% of the full cohort of 400 patients and copropraxia occurred in 20% of the cohort. Those with coprolalia had significantly higher Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and Diagnostic Confidence Index (DCI) total scores and a significantly higher proportion also experienced copropraxia and echolalia. A subgroup of 222 TS patients with full comorbidity data available were also compared based on whether they had pure-TS (motor and vocal tics only) or associated comorbidities and co-existent psychopathologies (TS-plus). Pure-TS and TS-plus groups were compared across a number of characteristics including TS severity, associated clinical features, and family history. In this subgroup, 13.5% had pure-TS, while the remainder had comorbidities and psychopathologies consistent with TS-plus. Thirty-nine percent of the TS-plus group displayed coprolalia, compared to (0%) of the pure-TS group and the difference in proportions was statistically significant. The only other significant difference found between the two groups was that pure-TS was associated with no family history of obsessive compulsive disorder which is an interesting finding that may suggest that additional genes or environmental factors may be at play when TS is associated with comorbidities. Finally, differences between individuals with simple versus complex vocal/motor tics were evaluated. Results indicated that individuals with complex motor/vocal tics were significantly more likely to report premonitory urges/sensations than individuals with simple tics and TS. The implications of these findings for the assessment and understanding of TS are discussed.

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Tic Disorders and Learning Disability: Clinical Characteristics, Cognitive Performance and Comorbidity

Cited by 17 publications

References 40 publications

Comorbidities, Social Impact, and Quality of Life in Tourette Syndrome

Comorbidities, Social Impact, and Quality of Life in Tourette Syndrome

A Review of the Neuropsychological Dimensions of Tourette Syndrome

Are there distinct subtypes in Tourette syndrome? Pure-Tourette syndrome versus Tourette syndrome-plus, and simple versus complex tics

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