Ti<sup>3+</sup> in the Surface of Titanium Dioxide: Generation, Properties and Photocatalytic Application

Xiong, Lixia; Li, Jialin; Yang, Bo; Yu, Ying

doi:10.1155/2012/831524

Cited by 362 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…The observation of support reduction is in agreement with the work of Xiong et al, 28 . These authors reported that TiO2 reacted with hydrogen at a temperature below 300 o C. As the temperature increases to above 300 o C, electrons become transferred from the H atoms to O atoms in the lattice of TiO2.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 93%

Sintering Behavior of TiO₂-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H₂ Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Xaba

Villiers

2016

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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ABSTRACT:The sintering of model TiO2-supported cobalt catalysts has been studied. The TiO2 supports used were anatase, P25 (85% anatase-15% rutile) and rutile. The catalysts were characterized at each stage of treatment. These treatment stages were calcination, reduction and sintering. It was found that the TiO2 support does not influence the Co3O4 crystallite and particle size as shown by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. The reduction of the cobalt catalysts and bare supports was studied by temperature programmed reduction (TPR). It was found that the bare supports were not as inert as expected. The supports showed minor reduction as seen in the H2 consumption. All the cobalt catalysts showed a two-step reduction. Sintering of anatase-supported cobalt was shown to be the most substantial with P25-and rutile-supported showing a lower sintering tendency; P25-supported cobalt being the most stable based on TEM measurements. Sintering kinetics based on the Generalized Power law Expression (GPLE) model, showed that sintering of anatase-supported cobalt is the most rapid with a large sintering rate constant. Sintering of P25-supported cobalt is the lowest, shown by the lowest sintering rate constant. The study has conclusively shown the effect of the catalyst support phase. The study has also shown that the use of high surface area supports is not necessarily the only answer to preventing sintering. The phase of the catalyst support is also important.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 93%

Sintering Behavior of TiO₂-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H₂ Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Xaba

Villiers

2016

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Hydrogen (H 2 ) was introduced in order to control the oxidation process, thus avoiding the presence of some undesired oxides. This did not result in any significant change in the phase, and it is a common method to improve the surface properties of TiO 2 , creating some defects (oxygen vacancies (OV) and Ti 3+ ), which are important for applications in photocatalysis 30,31 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deposition of TiO2 Film on Duplex Stainless Steel Substrate Using the Cathodic Cage Plasma Technique

et al. 2016

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This research used the "cathodic cage (CC)" technique for TiO 2 film deposition on duplex stainless steel substrate. This technique uses a multiple hollow cathode effect. Duplex stainless steel substrates were treated at temperatures of 300 o C, 350 o C and 400 o C, giving a temperature value ratio (T s /T m ) of 0.27 to 0.31 (Ts being the substrate temperature and Tm the melting temperature of the deposited material). Treatment times of 1, 2 and 4 hours were administered and polycrystalline TiO 2 films were obtained. The films were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During analysis, the formation of uniform films and the possibility of controlling the TiO 2 phase were observed. It was also shown that with longer treatment times and higher temperatures the rutile phase predominates. For treatment times of 4 hours at all temperatures, the rutile structure was present. With treatment times of less than 4 hours, anatase was present. In addition, results showed that this simple, low cost technique can be an alternative method for depositions of TiO 2 films, with the advantage of high levels of control over porosity, thickness and phase composition (anatase and rutile).

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“…25 In the O 1s spectrum, only two peaks at binding energies 529.3 eV, and 530.2 eV are observed which are attributed to lattice oxygen and surface adsorbed OH group. 27 The C 1s spectrum (Fig. 5(c)) includes a strong peak at 284.6 eV and a shoulder at 288.0 eV.…”

Section: Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

Green synthesis of mesoporous anatase TiO₂nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activities

et al. 2017

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Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) materials have been the focus of many promising applications due to their low-cost, availability and biocompatible properties. In this study, mesoporous anatase TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesised using a green chemistry approach. This visible-light active photocatalyst was prepared via a simple and solvent free precipitation method at low temperatures using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor and soluble starch as the template. The effect of initial solution pH and concentration of TTIP on surface morphology and photocatalytic activities of TiO 2 nanoparticles were evaluated. Based on the results obtained, the TiO 2 nanocatalyst prepared using 0.01 mol of TTIP under basic conditions revealed the best photocatalytic activity. The as-synthesised nanoparticles were further characterised using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis (NAA). The XRD spectrum confirmed that the catalyst was composed of anatase tetragonal TiO 2 phase. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 81.59 m 2 g À1 proved the presence of mesopores (average pore size ¼ 8.7 nm) which partially contributed to and catalysed the photodegradation process of methylene blue (MB) solution under sunlight. The effects of various parameters such as initial dye concentration, catalyst dosage and recyclability of the catalyst were evaluated to determine the best conditions. Results obtained suggest that TiO 2 nanoparticles synthesised through the green chemistry approach under optimum conditions exhibited an effective photodegradation process of MB solution under sunlight.

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Ti³⁺ in the Surface of Titanium Dioxide: Generation, Properties and Photocatalytic Application

Cited by 362 publications

References 117 publications

Sintering Behavior of TiO₂-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H₂ Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Sintering Behavior of TiO₂-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H₂ Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Deposition of TiO2 Film on Duplex Stainless Steel Substrate Using the Cathodic Cage Plasma Technique

Green synthesis of mesoporous anatase TiO₂nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activities

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Ti3+ in the Surface of Titanium Dioxide: Generation, Properties and Photocatalytic Application

Cited by 362 publications

References 117 publications

Sintering Behavior of TiO2-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H2 Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Sintering Behavior of TiO2-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H2 Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Deposition of TiO2 Film on Duplex Stainless Steel Substrate Using the Cathodic Cage Plasma Technique

Green synthesis of mesoporous anatase TiO2nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activities

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Ti³⁺ in the Surface of Titanium Dioxide: Generation, Properties and Photocatalytic Application

Sintering Behavior of TiO₂-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H₂ Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Sintering Behavior of TiO₂-Supported Model Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts under H₂ Reducing Conditions and Elevated Temperature

Green synthesis of mesoporous anatase TiO₂nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activities