Ti indiffused Lithium Niobate (Ti: LiNbO3) Mach-Zehnder interferometer all optical switches: A review

Abstract

We are IntechOpen, the first native scientific publisher of Open Access books 12.2% 108,000 1.7 M TOP 1% 151 3,350Ti indiffused Lithium Niobate (Ti: LiNbO 3 ) Mach-Zehnder interferometer all optical switches: A review 311

Fast light in unbalanced low-loss Mach-Zehnder interferometers

“…It is worth emphasizing that the above numerical simulations regard an ideal waveguide silicon-based MZI. Real waveguide-integrated interferometers usually have power imbalance on the nominal 3 dB couplers [27]. Interestingly, power imbalance can play the role of total losses αL in changing the propagation regime, as it can be deduced from the results found in [30].…”

“…For practical purposes, one might consider the possibility of inducing the optical path difference in the MZI not by means of a physical length difference , but through a difference in the refractive index of the branches n . We could then envisage an MZI with equal branch lengths and fabricated using an electro-optic material such as LiNbO 3 , where n is tuned upon the application of voltage [27]. It must be pointed out though that SFL effects cannot occur in such a device.…”

“…The simplest interferometer of this kind, with only two branches, is the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. It is a common and versatile device in actual communication systems, widely used to build optical switches [27], modulators for optical signal multiplexing [28], sensors [29], and fractional optical differentiators for pulse-shaping applications and information processing [30]. Its typical interference pattern presents transmission peaks and valleys as a consequence of the phase shift between the two interfering beams, caused by either a difference in the length of the branches (unbalanced or asymmetric MZI), or by a refractive index difference between the branches of equal length (symmetric MZI).…”

Optimal phase sensitivity by quantum squeezing based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer

“…In this part, the intensity depletion which play a negative effect on the phase sensitivity are discussed. For simplification, only the condition that transmissivity is more than 0.5 are counted: the optical intensity depletion of photon detectors and the internal intensity depletion of the MZI [28,29]. In the current technology, the efficiency of photon detectors can be more than 0.95 or even more.…”

Machzehnder Interferometer and it’s Applications

“…This phase difference is achieved by varying voltage across electrodes covering interferometric arms which in turn changes refractive indices. The output 3dB coupler combines both the beams having different phase and final outputs are observed as per constructive and destructive interference [18].The Lithium Niobate has been used to design switches based on Mach Zehnder Interferometer or directional coupler efficiently [19]. The symmetric Mach Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) has shown the better flexibility and shortest switching windows as compared to various configurations [20].…”