Ti–Ga binary alloys developed as potential dental materials

Microstructure, mechanical properties, castability and in vitro biocompatibility of Ti–Bi alloys developed for dental applications

“…5, the Ti-2Bi alloy exhibits the highest castability value and improves the casting performance of pure Ti significantly. It is consistent with the previous studies that a minor amount (1-2 wt.%) of some alloying elements could improve the castability of pure Ti and Ti alloys [30,33,34]. However, with the further increase of Bi content, the castability values of Ti-Bi alloys reduce inversely, and even are lower than those of pure Ti.…”

“…4(b) representatively shows the wear tracks of pure Ti and the Ti-10Bi alloy, and it can be found that the adhesive wear has occurred obviously, which includes scoring, galling, seizing, and scuffing. As for pure Ti, the severe micro-plowing and turnoff area left on its rough surface, are consistent with the previous studies [28,30]. Micro-plowing usually occurs when the wear particles break down from the alloys surface, and resulting in the formation of grooves on the alloy's surface.…”

“…From this perspective, the Ti-10Bi alloy is close to meet the application criteria. In addition, the Ti-10Bi alloy exhibits higher strength than Ti-10Au, Ti-10Ag, Ti-10Nb and Ti-10Hf alloys [25,[56][57][58] but lower strength than Ti-7.5Mo, Ti-10Ge, Ti-10 Ga alloys [28,30,59]. It indicates that the Bi element is a modest strengthening alloying element of Ti.…”

“…Details of this method can be found in our previous study [30]. The schematic view of mesh-pattern wax mold used in this study is shown in Fig.…”

“…Although Ti-Ni alloys have been stated to be safety for orthodontic wires [14,15], the release of Ni ions and their potential toxic effects to tissues have been reported in other applications [16]. Therefore, except for the above mentioned alloys, there have been developed a large number of new binary Ti alloys in response to those concerns in recent years [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. In these binary Ti alloys, the addition of alloying elements such as Mo, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf are generally used to enhance the strength and lower the elastic modulus of Ti alloys.…”