Ti atoms in Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 mixed oxides form active and selective sites for electrochemical chlorine evolution

Karlsson, Rasmus K. B.; Hansen, Heine Anton; Bligaard, Thomas; Cornell, Ann; Pettersson, Lars G. M.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.056

Cited by 51 publications

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References 40 publications

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“…Ru based catalysts have shown selectivity for both OER and ClER. While most of the Ru based studies had a focus on the ClER35,[50][51][52][53] or the fundamental understanding of the ClER on ruthenium titanium oxide (RTO)46,[54][55][56] , there are a few studies that reported enhanced selectivity towards OER on someRu-based catalysts. Some speculated that doping of Zn into RuO2 crystal structure caused a rearrangement of the local atomic structure in the vicinity of the Zn ions, enhancing the oxygen evolution process at positive potentials and, overall, improving the selectivity of the OER in chloride containing acidic media 57 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

et al. 2020

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Powered by renewable energy sources such as solar, marine, geothermal and wind, generation of storable hydrogen fuel through water electrolysis provides a promising path towards energy sustainability. However, state-of-the-art electrolysis requires support from associated processes such as desalination of water sources, further purification of desalinated water, and transportation of water, which often contribute financial and energy costs. One strategy to avoid these operations is to develop electrolysers that are capable of operating with impure water feeds directly. Here we review recent developments in electrode materials/catalysts for water electrolysis using low-grade and saline water, a significantly more abundant resource worldwide compared to potable water. We address the associated challenges in design of electrolysers, and discuss future potential approaches that may yield highly active and selective materials for water electrolysis in the presence of common impurities such as metal ions, chloride and bio-organisms. Freshwater is likely to become a scarce resource for many communities, with more than 80% of the world's population exposed to high risk levels of water security 1. This has been recognized within the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) on Clean Water and Sanitation 2. At the same time, low-grade and saline water is a largely abundant resource which, used properly, can address SDG 7 on Affordable and Clean Energy as well as SDG 13 on Climate Action. Hydrogen, a storable fuel, can be generated through water electrolysis and it may provide headway towards combating climate change and reaching zero emissions 3 , since the cycle of generation, consumption and regeneration of hydrogen can achieve carbon neutrality. In addition to providing a suitable energy store, hydrogen can be easily distributed and used in industry, households and transport. Hydrogen, and the related fuel cell industry, has the potential to bring positive economic and social impacts to local communities in terms of energy efficiency and job markets; globally the hydrogen market is expected to grow 33% to US$155 billion in 2022 4. However, there are remaining challenges related to the minimization of the cost and integration of hydrogen into daily life, as well as meeting the ultimate hydrogen cost targets of

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Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

et al. 2020

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“…OER selectivity issue. Hitherto, this selectivity problem was studied by Δ E O as descriptor in junction with conventional volcano analyses . This finding motivates to re‐investigate the CER vs .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hitherto, this selectivity problem was studied by ΔE O as descriptor in junction with conventional volcano analyses. [28][29][30][31] This finding motivates to re-investigate the CER vs. OER selectivity, applying ΔG OÀ OH as descriptor, with advanced material-screening frameworks, such as overpotential-dependent volcano plots, kinetic scaling relations, or activity maps based on the electrochemical-step symmetry index; [45][46][47]70,71,80] these concepts have been recently introduced by the author and have shown to provide better results in thorough sorting of electrode materials compared to the conventionally applied volcano scheme. [48,74] Table 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…used the (free‐) binding energy of oxygen, Δ G O , as descriptor to account for trends in the competing CER and OER . The binding energy of oxygen was also applied as descriptor in the articles of Karlsson et al ., in which the authors identified optimum dopant sites for DSA‐based Ti 0.7 Ru 0.3 O 2 (110) electrodes . Based on the assessment of linear scaling relationships in junction with Δ G O , the author introduced a model to predict CER selectivity recently …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[29] The binding energy of oxygen was also applied as descriptor in the articles of Karlsson et al, in which the authors identified optimum dopant sites for DSA-based Ti 0.7 Ru 0.3 O 2 (110) electrodes. [30,31] Based on the assessment of linear scaling relationships in junction with ΔG O , [32,33] the author introduced a model to predict CER selectivity recently. [34] The literature survey indicates that the (free-) binding energy of oxygen has been established as descriptor for trend studies of transition-metal oxide-based electrode configurations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overpotential‐Dependent Volcano Plots to Assess Activity Trends in the Competing Chlorine and Oxygen Evolution Reactions

Exner

2020

ChemElectroChem

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The selectivity problem of the competing chlorine evolution (CER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions at the anode in chlor−alkali electrolysis is a major challenge in the chemical industry. The development of electrode materials with enhanced stability and CER selectivity could result in a significant reduction of the overall process costs. In order to gain an atomic‐scale understanding of the CER versus OER selectivity, commonly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed that are analyzed by the construction of a volcano plot to comprehend trends. Herein, the binding energy of oxygen, ΔEO, has been established as a descriptor in such analyses. In the present article, it is demonstrated that ΔEO is not suitable to assess activity trends in the OER over transition‐metal oxides, such as RuO2(110) and IrO2(110). Quite in contrast, the free‐formation energy of oxygen with respect to hydroxide, ΔGO−OH, reproduces activity trends of RuO2(110) and IrO2(110) in the CER and OER correctly. Consequently, re‐investigation of the CER versus OER selectivity issue, using ΔGO−OH as a descriptor, is strongly suggested.

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A Reflection on Sustainable Anode Materials for Electrochemical Chloride Oxidation

Choi

Lee

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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Chloride oxidation is a key industrial electrochemical process in chlorine‐based chemical production and water treatment. Over the past few decades, dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) consisting of RuO2‐ and IrO2‐based mixed‐metal oxides have been successfully commercialized in the electrochemical chloride oxidation industry. For a sustainable supply of anode materials, considerable efforts both from the scientific and industrial aspects for developing earth‐abundant–metal‐based electrocatalysts have been made. This review first describes the history of commercial DSA fabrication and strategies to improve their efficiency and stability. Important features related to the electrocatalytic performance for chloride oxidation and reaction mechanism are then summarized. From the perspective of sustainability, recent progress in the design and fabrication of noble‐metal‐free anode materials, as well as methods for evaluating the industrialization of novel electrocatalysts, are highlighted. Finally, future directions for developing highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts for industrial chloride oxidation are proposed.

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Ti atoms in Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 mixed oxides form active and selective sites for electrochemical chlorine evolution

Cited by 51 publications

References 40 publications

Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

Electrolysis of low-grade and saline surface water

Overpotential‐Dependent Volcano Plots to Assess Activity Trends in the Competing Chlorine and Oxygen Evolution Reactions

A Reflection on Sustainable Anode Materials for Electrochemical Chloride Oxidation

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