THαβ Immunological Pathway as Protective Immune Response against Prion Diseases: An Insight for Prion Infection Therapy

Abstract

Prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, are mediated by transmissible proteinaceous pathogens. Pathological changes indicative of neuro-degeneration have been observed in the brains of affected patients. Simultaneously, microglial activation, along with the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 or TNF-α, have also been observed in brain tissue of these patients. Consequently, pro-inflammatory cytokines are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Accelerated prion infections have been seen in interleukin-10 knockout mice, and type 1 interferons have been found to be protective against these diseases. Since interleukin-10 and type 1 interferons are key mediators of the antiviral THαβ immunological pathway, protective host immunity against prion diseases may be regulated via THαβ immunity. Currently no effective treatment strategies exist for prion disease; however, drugs that target the regulation of IL-10, IFN-alpha, or IFN-β, and consequently modulate the THαβ immunological pathway, may prove to be effective therapeutic options.

<strong></strong>Type 2 Hypersensitivity Disorders including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Sjogren’s Syndrome, Grave’s Disease, Myasthenia Gravis, Immune Thrombocytopenia, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Dermatomyositis, and Graft versus Host Disease Are THab Dominant A

“…TH22 immunity is associated with type 3 immune complex mediated hypersensitivity. THαβ immunity is the host immunological pathway against infectious particles (viruses and prions) [19][20][21]. THαβ immunity includes NK cells (NK1), interleukin-10 producing CD4 T cells, iNKT10 cells, CD8 T cells(Tc2,EM1), and IgG1 B cells [22].…”

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“…THαβ immunity is the host immune reaction against infectious particles, including viruses and prions [ 17 , 18 ]. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are the antigen-presenting cells for THαβ immunity, while IL-10 producing innate lymphoid cells (ILC10) are the innate lymphoid cells.…”

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“…TH22 immunity is associated with type 3 immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity and is driven by cytokines TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6. THαβ immunity is the host’s immune response against infectious molecules such as viruses and prions [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. It involves type 1 NK cells (NK1), IL-10-secreting CD4 T cells, iNKT10 cells, CD8 T cells (Tc2 or EM1), and IgG1 B cells [ 13 ].…”

“…The driver cytokines for the TH17 immune response are IL-6 and TGF-β. TH3 immunity serves as the host’s immune physiological mechanism to combat infectious molecules such as viruses and prions [ 12 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. This immune reaction involves type-2 NK cells (NK2), CD4 T cells that secrete both IL-10 and TGF-β, iNKT10 cells, CD8 T cells (EM2), and B cells producing IgA1.…”