Thyrotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, and enkephalin: distribution studies using immunohistochemical techniques.

Johansson, O; Hökfelt, Tomas

doi:10.1177/28.4.6103014

Cited by 136 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Since CRF-stained fibers are found in the pos terior lobe [7], it is therefore possible that a subpopulation of cells in the PVH contains both oxytocin and CRF, and that both substances, along with vasopressin, are, under at least some conditions, involved in modulating the release of ACTH and [3-endorphin. Clearly, further work is needed to clarify what these conditions are, and to clarify the mecha nisms underlying increases in the levels of vasopressin, oxy tocin [66], and CRF [present results] in the median eminence after adrenalectomy.Our results also suggest that, in addition to a pathway from the PVH to the median eminence, CRF is found in specific pathways within the CNS itself, as has been found to be the case with other 'hypothalamic hormones' includ ing oxytocin and vasopressin [62], TRH [28], GnRH [2], and somatostatin [28]. Preliminary experiments with intraventri cular injections [8,9,19] and hippocampal tissue slices [S/ggins.…”

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confidence: 88%

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Organization of Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Immunoreactive Cells and Fibers in the Rat Brain: An Immunohistochemical Study

Swanson¹,

Sawchenko²,

Rivier³

et al. 1983

Neuroendocrinology

1,951

940

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The distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive cells and fibers has been examined in the brains of normal adult rats, and in the brains of animals that had been pretreated with intraventricular injections of colchicine, or had been adrenalectomized 3-60 days before perfusion. The results suggest that CRF immunoreactivity is localized in at least three functionally distinct systems. First, most of the CRF-stained fibers in the neurohemal zone of the median eminence, which presumably modulate the release of ACTH and β-endorphin from the pituitary, appear to arise in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). About 2,000 CRF-stained cells are distributed throughout all eight parts of the PVH, although a majority (80%) of the cells are concentrated in the parvocellular division, and a smaller number (about 15%) are found in parts of the magnocellular division in which oxytocinergic cells predominate. This appears to be the only CRF-stained pathway in the brain that is affected (increased staining intensity) by adrenalectomy. Second, a series of cell groups in the basal telencephalon, hypothalamus, and brain stem that are known to play a role in the mediation of autonomic responses contain CRF-stained neurons. These areas, which are interconnected by stained fibers in the medial forebrain bundle and the periventricular system, include the central nucleus of the amygdala, substantia innominata, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamic area, central gray, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, locus ceruleus, parabrachial nucleus, dorsal vagal complex, and regions containing the Al and A5 catecholamine cell groups. And third, scattered CRF-stained cells are found throughout most areas of the cerebral cortex. Most such cells are confined to layers II and III in the neocortex, and their bipolar shape suggests that they are interneurons. These cells are most common in limbic regions including prefrontal areas, the cingulate gyrus, and areas bordering the rhinal fissure. Scattered immunoreactive cells are also found in dorsal parts of the dentate gyrus and Ammon’s horn. These results suggest that the PVH plays a critical role in the modulation of ACTH and β-endorphin release from the pituitary, and that CRF-containing pathways in the brain are involved in the mediation of autonomic responses.

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confidence: 88%

“…A particularly dense group of fibers lies just ventral to pontine parts of the ventricle and can be traced from the re gion of the locus ceruleus and parabrachial nucleus to the midline, and then ventrally; some of these fibers course through (and perhaps end in) the prepositus nucleus (pi. [24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: The Pons and Cerebellummentioning

confidence: 99%

Organization of Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Immunoreactive Cells and Fibers in the Rat Brain: An Immunohistochemical Study

Swanson¹,

Sawchenko²,

Rivier³

et al. 1983

Neuroendocrinology

1,951

940

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The present experiments have disclosed that excitability of certain PC cells identified in the PVN increases during hypovolemia due to hemorrhage and resumed the previous level after retransfusion of the shed blood. Although the PVN area has been demonstrated to include PC cells containing the peptides other than CRF, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (JoHANSSON and HoKFELT, 1980), effects of hypovolemia on TRH secretion into the hypophysial portal blood are not known as yet. Thus the excitation of PC cells observed after hemorrhage in the present experiments is consistent with the view that CRF-producing neurons in the PVN is associated in the potentiation of ACTH secretion during hypovolemia.…”

Section: Conveging Synaptic Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons : Converging inputs after saphenous nerve and hypovolemic stimulations in the rat.

1986

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Effects of saphenous nerve stimulation and hemorrhage on discharge activity of parvocellular neurosecretory (PC) cells of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) were studied in anesthetized rats. The PC cells were identified in the PVN with the criteria that units recorded in the PVN showed an antidromically conducted spike after median eminence but not after posterior pituitary stimulation of 0.45 mA intensity and were demonstrated histologically to be located in the parvocellular regions of the PVN. Saphenous nerve stimulation at 4 Hz repetition and of 3 mA intensity increased the discharge rate of 13 of the 52 PC cells tested. These excited cells exhibited a synaptically mediated excitation during post-stimulus period on peristimulus time histograms constructed during 1 Hz stimulation. Hemorrhage (4 ml/kg b.w.) activated 7 of the 10 PC cells tested which had been excited by saphenous nerve stimulation. Both saphenous nerve stimulation and hemorrhage increased immunoreactive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the plasma in the anesthetized rats. These data support the view that synergistic potentiation of ACTH secretion reported to occur after noxious and hypovolemic stimuli depends at least in part on the interaction between afferent neural signals originating from noxious and cardiovascular receptors on their way up to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-secreting PVN neurons.

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“…A large number of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-synthesizing neurons is present in the parvocellular sub division of the PVN as shown with immunohistochemistry [1,2] and in situ hybridization [3]. The PVN region corresponds to the thyrotrophic hypothalamic area [3][4][5][6], and plays a major role in the thyroid hormone feedback regulation by affecting TRH synthesis and secretion [3,5,7].…”

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confidence: 99%

Response of Hypothalamic Peptide mRNAs to Thyroidectomy

1992

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Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we have investigated the effect of thyroid hormone on the expression of several peptide mRNAs in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of adult male rats. Hypothyroidism was induced by surgical ablation of the thyroid gland. The animals (control sham-operated, thyroidectomized, thyroidectomized + T₄ replaced rats) were studied 28 and 50 days after surgery. Sections of the PVN were hybridized using synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to mRNA for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), galanin (GAL), enkephalin (ENK), neurotensin (NT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and vasopressin (VP). GAL mRNA was also analyzed in the anterior paraventricular, arcuate, and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. At the PVN level, a feedback effect of thyroid hormone on TRH synthesis was demonstrated by the TRH mRNA increase in hypothyroidism and by its decrease in hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism caused a dramatic decrease in GAL mRNA in parvo- and magnocellular PVN neurons both 28 and 50 days after thyroid ablation, whereas no effect was seen in VP mRNA, the main peptide hormone coexisting with GAL. The T₄ replacement prevented the GAL mRNA impairment. Hypothyroidism did not influence GAL mRNA in the anterior PVN, perifornical area or in the arcuate nucleus, whereas a decrease in GAL mRNA was observed in the dorsomedial nucleus. VIP mRNA, which is undetectable in the PVN of normal animals, was present in several PVN neurons after thyroidectomy. CRH mRNA was decreased after thyroidectomy, whereas the T₄ restitution caused an upregulation. The levels of ENK or NT mRNA were not significantly affected by the thyroid status. The present results show that, in addition to TRH mRNA, other hypothalamic peptide mRNAs are affected by thyroid hormone levels.

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Thyrotropin releasing hormone, somatostatin, and enkephalin: distribution studies using immunohistochemical techniques.

Cited by 136 publications

References 3 publications

Organization of Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Immunoreactive Cells and Fibers in the Rat Brain: An Immunohistochemical Study

Organization of Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Immunoreactive Cells and Fibers in the Rat Brain: An Immunohistochemical Study

Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons : Converging inputs after saphenous nerve and hypovolemic stimulations in the rat.

Response of Hypothalamic Peptide mRNAs to Thyroidectomy

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