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Background: Transmasculine people assigned female sex at birth but who do not identify with this classification have traditionally received little consideration in the voice literature. Some voice researchers and clinicians suggest that transmasculine people do not need attention because testosterone treatment leads to a satisfactory masculinization of their voice organs and voices. Others, however, argue that transmasculine people are a heterogeneous group whose members might not share the same body type, gender identity or desire for medical approaches to gender transitioning. Therefore, testosterone-induced voice changes may not necessarily meet the needs and expectations of all transmasculine people. Aims: To evaluate the gender-related discursive and empirical data about transmasculine people's vocal situations to identify gaps in the current state of knowledge and to make suggestions for future voice research and clinical practice. Methods & Procedures:A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed academic and clinical literature was conducted. Publications were identified by searching seven electronic databases and bibliographies of relevant articles. Thirtyone publications met inclusion criteria. Discourses and empirical data were analysed thematically. Potential problem areas that transmasculine people may experience were identified and the quality of evidence appraised. Main Contribution:The extent and quality of voice research conducted with transmasculine people so far was found to be limited. There was mixed evidence to suggest that transmasculine people's vocal situations could be regarded as problematic. The diversity that characterizes the transmasculine population received little attention and the complexity of the factors that contribute to a successful or unsuccessful vocal communication of gender in this group appeared to be under-researched. While most transmasculine people treated with testosterone can expect a lowering of their pitch, it remains unclear whether the extent of the pitch change is enough to result in a voice that is recognized by others as male. Conclusions & Implications: More research into the different factors affecting transmasculine people's vocal situations that takes account of the diversity within the population is needed.
Background: Transmasculine people assigned female sex at birth but who do not identify with this classification have traditionally received little consideration in the voice literature. Some voice researchers and clinicians suggest that transmasculine people do not need attention because testosterone treatment leads to a satisfactory masculinization of their voice organs and voices. Others, however, argue that transmasculine people are a heterogeneous group whose members might not share the same body type, gender identity or desire for medical approaches to gender transitioning. Therefore, testosterone-induced voice changes may not necessarily meet the needs and expectations of all transmasculine people. Aims: To evaluate the gender-related discursive and empirical data about transmasculine people's vocal situations to identify gaps in the current state of knowledge and to make suggestions for future voice research and clinical practice. Methods & Procedures:A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed academic and clinical literature was conducted. Publications were identified by searching seven electronic databases and bibliographies of relevant articles. Thirtyone publications met inclusion criteria. Discourses and empirical data were analysed thematically. Potential problem areas that transmasculine people may experience were identified and the quality of evidence appraised. Main Contribution:The extent and quality of voice research conducted with transmasculine people so far was found to be limited. There was mixed evidence to suggest that transmasculine people's vocal situations could be regarded as problematic. The diversity that characterizes the transmasculine population received little attention and the complexity of the factors that contribute to a successful or unsuccessful vocal communication of gender in this group appeared to be under-researched. While most transmasculine people treated with testosterone can expect a lowering of their pitch, it remains unclear whether the extent of the pitch change is enough to result in a voice that is recognized by others as male. Conclusions & Implications: More research into the different factors affecting transmasculine people's vocal situations that takes account of the diversity within the population is needed.
Gender diverse people who do not or do not only identify with the gender category assigned to them at birth may experience various difficulties with their vocal communication. In this paper, I will explore the different needs and expectations with regards to professional voice support in this population and outline the implications for clinical practice. In my discussion, I will draw on an understanding of gender diverse people's vocal situations that is informed by constructionist theories of gender and by changes to the conceptualization of gender diversity included in the seventh version of the Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People (Coleman et al., 2012). This theoretical perspective calls attention to a range of factors voice clinicians need to consider when planning and implementing intervention with gender diverse people. The most important of these factors are the client's subjective gender positioning or identity, the client's preferences for and against treatment options, and the extent to which the different treatment options can be regarded as suitable for developing the client's vocal gender presentation and improving the agreement between how the client wishes to be perceived and addressed in terms of gender and the gender attributions the client receives from others.
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