Thyroid Ultrasonography Consistently Identifies Goiter in Adults Over the Age of 30 Years Despite a Diminished Response with Aging of the Thyroid Gland to the Effects of Goitrogenesis

Brahmbhatt, Sheela R.; Brahmbhatt, Rajesh M.; Eastman, Creswell J; Boyages, Steven

doi:10.1100/tsw.2001.55

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…[ 17 ] The use of ultrasound in population studies of thyroid gland size is an exciting new area for research in the field of thyroid epidemiology. [ 18 – 20 ]…”

Section: Ommunity -B Ased U mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective

Unnikrishnan

Menon

2011

Indian J Endocr Metab

384

259

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Thyroid diseases are common worldwide. In India too, there is a significant burden of thyroid diseases. According to a projection from various studies on thyroid disease, it has been estimated that about 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases. This review will focus on the epidemiology of five common thyroid diseases in India: (1) hypothyroidism, (2) hyperthyroidism, (3) goiter and iodine deficiency disorders, (4) Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and (5) thyroid cancer. This review will also briefly cover the exciting work that is in progress to ascertain the normal reference range of thyroid hormones in India, especially in pregnancy and children.

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“…[ 17 ] The use of ultrasound in population studies of thyroid gland size is an exciting new area for research in the field of thyroid epidemiology. [ 18 – 20 ]…”

Section: Ommunity -B Ased U mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid disorders in India: An epidemiological perspective

Unnikrishnan

Menon

2011

Indian J Endocr Metab

384

259

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“…The characteristics of these subjects, methods of selection and geography of the endemia have been reported previously (3,4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detailed results of their iodine status as indicated by outcome indicators (clinical and biochemical), age, sex, geographical distribution and data on diet have been reported elsewhere (3,4). Serum thyroxine levels were not measured in our subjects due to their poor sensitivity, but blood spot thyrotropin (TSH) was measured in all subjects (3,4). A thorough clinical examination was carried out to discover stigmata of malnutrition such as xeropthalmia, Bitot's spots and skin changes and these were recorded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of protein energy malnutrition on thyroid size in an iodine deficient population of Gujarat (India): Is it an aetiological factor for goiter?

Brahmbhatt

Brahmbhatt²,

Boyages³

2001

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: To assess the severity of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in iodine deficient subjects and to assess the impact of PEM on thyroid size. Methods: 1002 subjects (530 school-aged children and 472 adults) were assessed for PEM by direct anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and thigh circumference (TC), and derived indices of body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), and Z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-forheight (WHZ). Severity of PEM was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the threshold on the Waterlow classification. Thyroid size was measured by ultrasonography to determine the thyroid volume (TV). Linear regression analysis was performed between TV and anthropometric parameters. Results: Children had severe PEM as evident from the WHO percentage prevalence of stunting HAZ , 22SD 64% (where , 22SD is the Z-score deficit), wasting WHZ , 22SD 43%Y underweight WAZ , 22SD 82% and BMI , 16 kgam 2 90%X Waterlow classification showed that children were either stunted or wasted, or stunted and wasted, or stunted and obese. Nearly 100% (529/530) of the children had goiter as evidenced from enlarged TV-for-BSA when compared with the WHO reference. There was a weak but statistically significant P , 0X05 positive correlation between TV and BSA, weight, height, MUAC, TC and HAZ but a negative correlation between TV and WHZ, BMI and TSF r 20X1±0X2XAdults had PEM as evident from BMI , 18X5 kgam 2 in 54% subjects. Median MUAC 22X7 cm reveals prolonged severe PEM. Eighty-two percent had enlarged TV (.20 ml). There was a significant P 0X01 negative correlation between TV and MUAC. Conclusions: (i) The severity of acute (wasting) and chronic (stunting) PEM is very high in Gujarati children. They are stunted or wasted, or stunted and wasted, or stunted and obese. Gujarati adults are thin with low protein and fat reserves. (ii) Anthropometric parameters showed a significant P , 0X001 correlation r 0X1±0X2 with thyroid size. (iii) Higher prevalence of goiter may be due to macro-nutrient malnutrition (PEM) in the face of micro-nutrient malnutrition (iodine deficiency disorders, IDD).

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“…6 USG was helpful in differentiating solid from cystic swellings and in identifying clinically non-palpable nodules. 7,8 In fact many cases of clinically solitary nodule proved to be multinodular goitre. Serum thyroglobulin in differentiated carcinoma and serum calcitonin in MTC proved to be useful in post-operative follow up.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%