THYROID HORMONE REGULATES VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) mRNA LEVELS IN THE RAT ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Segerson, Thomas P.; Lam, Karen S.L.; Cacicedo, Lucinda; Minamitani, Naoto; Fink, J. Stephen; Lechan, Ronald M.; Reichlin, Seymour

doi:10.1210/endo-125-4-2221

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Pan and Chen [23] used a long-acting estrogen polyestradiol phosphate in their study. Furthermore, it has been reported that hypothyroidism results in increases in both peptides and mRNA levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptides (VIP), as a PRL releasing factor in the anterior pituitary [16,30]. We have also confirmed that pituitary content of VIP increased in hypothyroid adult female rats (A. Tohei & J. L.Voogt, unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Influence of Thiouracil-induced Hypothyroidism on Adrenal and Gonadal Functions in Adult Female Rats.

Tohei

Imai

Watanabe

et al. 1998

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The effect of hypothyroidism on adrenals and gonads in adult female rats was investigated throughout the estrous cycle. Hypothyroidism was induced by administration of 4-Methyl-2-Thiouracil (Thiouracil) in the drinking water. The weight of ovaries and adrenals, and the plasma levels of corticosterone decreased in hypothyroid rats as compared with euthyroid rats throughout the estrous cycle. Hypothyroidism resulted in decreased concentrations of plasma LH on the day of diestrus and proestrus, whereas the plasma concentrations of prolactin and progesterone increased as compared with euthyroid rats. The weight of uteri and plasma concentrations of estradiol decreased during the day of diestrus and proestrus in hypothyroid rats as compared with euthyroid rats. To further clarify the dysfunction of hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal axis in hypothyroid rats, animals were stressed by immobilization for 3 hr. In hypothyroid rats, a marked increase in plasma levels of ACTH in response to immobilization stress was observed compared to euthyroid control, whereas increases in plasma concentrations of corticosterone were much smaller in hypothyroid than euthyroid rats. These results clearly indicate that hypothyroidism causes both gonadal and adrenal disturbances in adult female rats. The increased concentrations of plasma progesterone may be due to hypersecretion of prolactin during the day of proestrus and estrus, which in turn result in disruption of the estrous cycle. -KEY WORDS: adrenal, gonad, hyperprolactinemia, hypothyroidism.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60(4): 439-446, 1998 hypothyroidism on these two axes throughout the estrous cycle in adult female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals and treatments:Adult female Wistar-Imamichi rats (The Imamichi Institute for Animal Reproduction, Ibaraki, Japan) were used throughout the present study. Animals were maintained on a 14 hr light and 10 hr dark lighting schedule (light on at 05:00 hr). The room was kept at 23-26°C. They received a standard laboratory diet and water ad libitum. Hypothyroidism was induced by administration of 0.03% 4-Methyl-2-Thiouracil (Thiouracil: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. Osaka, Japan) in the drinking water. We have confirmed the effectiveness of Thiouracil in our previous study [35]. Each rat of all experimental group was confirmed vaginal smear every day during administration of Thiouracil (until 32 days after administration of Thiouracil for first group (20 rats) and 16 days after treatment for second group (160 rats). At the 4th estrous cycle (16 days after the initiation of Thiouracil treatment), 5 animals of each group (total 160 adult female rats) were sacrificed by decapitation every 6 hr throughout 4-day estrous cycle. Trunk blood was collected and centrifuged immediately and plasma was separated and stored at 20°C until assayed tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), LH, FSH, prolactin (PRL), estradiol, progesterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. After the decapitation, ov...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Influence of Thiouracil-induced Hypothyroidism on Adrenal and Gonadal Functions in Adult Female Rats.

Tohei

Imai

Watanabe

et al. 1998

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Afferent sources of VIP include the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the PVN (Lam, 1991). However, VIP immunoreactive granules have also been localized in the lactotrophs (Segerson et al, 1989;Morel et al, 1982). VIP can thus regulate PRL release via hypothalamic afferents, and also through direct paracrine and autocrine mechanisms in the AP.…”

Section: Prl Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Galactorrhea to Osteopenia: Rethinking Serotonin–Prolactin Interactions

Emiliano

Fudge

2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The widespread use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been accompanied by numerous reports describing a potential association with hyperprolactinemia. Antipsychotics are commonly known to elevate serum prolactin (PRL) through blockade of dopamine receptors in the pituitary. However, there is little awareness of the mechanisms by which SSRIs stimulate PRL release. Hyperprolactinemia may result in overt symptoms such as galactorrhea, which may be accompanied by impaired fertility. Long-term clinical sequelae include decreased bone density and the possibility of an increased risk of breast cancer. Through literature review, we explore the possible pathways involved in serotonin-induced PRL release. While the classic mechanism of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia directly involves dopamine cells in the tuberoinfundibular pathway, SSRIs may act on this system indirectly through GABAergic neurons. Alternate pathways involve serotonin stimulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and oxytocin (OT) release. We conclude with a comprehensive review of clinical sequelae associated with hyperprolactinemia, and the potential role of SSRIs in this phenomenon.

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“…15; from J. S. Fink), using a kit from Promega. The specific activity of the probe generated was about 107 cpm/,Lg of RNA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity in adult sympathetic neurons: changes in neuropeptide expression in organ culture.

Zigmond

Hyatt-Sachs

Baldwin

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VEP)-like immunoreactivity is present at low levels in the superior cervical ganglion of the adult rat, where immunostained neural processes, but only an occasional immunostained cell body, are found. However, when ganglia are maintained for 24 or 48 hr in organ culture, their content of VIP-like immunoreactivity increases 6-or 31-fold, respectively. When examined at 24 hr, the increase in VIP-like immunoreactivity is totally blocked by an inhibitor of RNA or protein synthesis. Many neuronal cell bodies and processes with immunoreactivity for VIP and the related peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) are seen in cultured ganglia. In addition, VIP/PHI mRNA is abundant in cultured ganglia but only barely detectable in ganglia prior to culture. Under the same culture conditions, neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity increases to a small extent, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity and total ganglion protein remain unchanged. These results support the idea that adult sympathetic neurons exhibit plasticity in neuropeptide expression and that this plasticity, in the case of VIP, depends on changes in gene expression.Specific neurons can synthesize and release more than one neurotransmitter. For example, many adult sympathetic neurons synthesize and release both norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y (NPY), a small number synthesize and release acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and some use other combinations of amines and peptides (1). In addition, during-development, neurons can change the neurotransmitters they utilize. The best studied example is the ability of neonatal sympathetic neurons to start making acetylcholine and to reduce their synthesis of norepinephrine. Initially identified in cell culture, this phenomenon was subsequently shown to occur in vivo, during the development of the cholinergic sympathetic neurons that innervate the rat foot pad (2).In addition to changes in biogenic amine synthesis, the expression of colocalized neuropeptides in neonatal sympathetic neurons can also be regulated during development. Medium conditioned by cultured heart cells contains a factor that, in addition to producing a cholinergic "switch" in neonatal sympathetic neurons from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), also increases their immunoreactivity for several peptides [i.e., VIP, substance P, somatostatin, but not NPY (3)]. Also, when sympathetic neurons innervating the foot pads in neonatal rats change from a noradrenergic to a cholinergic phenotype, they acquire immunoreactivity for VIP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (2). Finally, placing neonatal SCG in explant culture for 48 hr produces a large (50-fold) increase in the expression of substance P-like immunoreactivity (IR) (4).Much less attention has been paid to the possibility that alterations in transmitter phenotype occur in adult sympathetic neurons. With electrophysiological techniques, only a small percentage of adult sympathetic neurons were found to acquire cholinergic properties in cell culture (...

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THYROID HORMONE REGULATES VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) mRNA LEVELS IN THE RAT ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

Cited by 61 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Thiouracil-induced Hypothyroidism on Adrenal and Gonadal Functions in Adult Female Rats.

Influence of Thiouracil-induced Hypothyroidism on Adrenal and Gonadal Functions in Adult Female Rats.

From Galactorrhea to Osteopenia: Rethinking Serotonin–Prolactin Interactions

Phenotypic plasticity in adult sympathetic neurons: changes in neuropeptide expression in organ culture.

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