Thyroid Hormone-Regulated Expression of Period2 Promotes Liver Urate Production

Abstract

The relationship between thyroid hormones and serum urate is unclear. Our aim is to analyze the correlation between uric acid and thyroid hormones in gout patients and to explore the effect and mechanism of triiodothyronine on liver uric acid production. Eighty men patients with gout were selected to analyze the correlation between blood urate and thyroid function-related hormone levels. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to analyze factors affecting blood urate in patients with gout. Levels of urate in serum, liver, and cell culture supernatant were measured after triiodothyronine treatment. Purine levels (adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine) were also measured. Expression levels of Period2 and nucleotide metabolism enzymes were analyzed after triiodothyronine treatment and Period2-shRNA lentivirus transduction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to analyze the effects of triiodothyronine and thyroid hormone receptor-β on Period2 expression. The results showed that in patients FT3 influenced the serum urate level. Furthermore, urate level increased in mouse liver and cell culture supernatant following treatment with triiodothyronine. Purine levels in mouse liver increased, accompanied by upregulation of enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism. These phenomena were reversed in Period2 knockout mice. Triiodothyronine promoted the binding of thyroid hormone receptor-β to the Period2 promoter and subsequent transcription of Period2. Triiodothyronine also enhanced nuclear expression of Sirt1, which synergistically enhanced Period2 expression. The study demonstrated that triiodothyronine is independently positively correlated with serum urate and liver uric acid production through Period2, providing novel insights into the purine metabolism underlying hyperuricemia/gout pathophysiology.

The causal association between thyroid disease and gout: A Mendelian randomization study

“…[ 34 ] Studies have shown that T3 can affect the levels of enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism in the liver and promote urate production by inducing Per2 expression, revealing a potential mechanism between thyroid disease and gout. [ 35 ] In addition, thyroid hormones can affect kidney development, kidney structure, and glomerular filtration rate. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are one of the key factors affecting renal function.…”

NRF2-directed PRPS1 upregulation to promote the progression and metastasis of melanoma

“…The immunohistochemical assay was performed as previously described ( 28 ) using anti-PRPS1 (Proteintech, #15549-1-AP), anti-NRF2 (Abcam, ab89443) and anti-(Proteintech, #15549-1-AP) antibodies. Tissue microarrays (MME1004i) were purchased from xi,an Taibosi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Xian, China).…”

Uric Acid Metabolic Disorders in Pituitary-Target Gland Axis

“… 24 The investigator observed elevated UA in HepG2, Hep1-6 cell and mouse liver treated by T3, further making clear that T3 regulates nucleotide metabolizing enzyme partially through Pre2 expression mediated by TR-β. 25 The hypermetabolic state associated with hyperthyroidism leads to an increased production of UA, surpassing its clearance capacity and resulting in the development of hyperuricemia ( Figure 1 ).…”