Thyroid Hormone and Estrogen Regulate Exercise-Induced Growth Hormone Release

Ignacio, Daniele L.; Silvestre, Diego Henrique; Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque, João Paulo; Louzada, Ruy A.; Carvalho, Denise P.; Werneck-de-Castro, João Pedro

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122556

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Natural menopause in rodents occurs with the arrest of regular ovarian cycling, followed by irregular cycling, and then an arrest in cycling that maintains a constant cycle phase without a reduction in the estradiol levels (45). We did not observe any significant changes in serum 17β-estradiol levels in the OVX rats at 21 days, although some previous studies have reported decreased serum estradiol in models of ovariectomy (7, 46). Vaginal smears showed that the OVX and OVX + M rats were in a constant diestrous phase (data not shown), and uterus mass was hypotrophic in these two groups, demonstrating a low estradiol effect.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Metformin ameliorates body mass gain and early metabolic changes in ovariectomized rats

Barthem

Rossetti

Carvalho

et al. 2019

Endocrine Connections

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Estradiol has been used to prevent metabolic diseases, bone loss and menopausal symptoms, even though it might raise the risk of cancer. Metformin is usually prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and lowers food intake and body mass while improving insulin resistance and the lipid profile. Ovariectomized rats show increased body mass, insulin resistance and changes in the lipid profile. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether metformin could prevent the early metabolic dysfunction that occurs early after ovariectomy. Female Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: SHAM-operated (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized + estradiol (OVX + E2) and ovariectomized + metformin (OVX + M). Treatment with metformin diminished approximately 50% of the mass gain observed in ovariectomized animals and reduced both the serum and hepatic triglyceride levels. The hepatic levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) decreased after OVX, and the expression of the inactive form of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was also reduced. Metformin was able to increase the levels of pAMPK in the liver of OVX animals, sustaining the balance between the inactive and total forms of ACC. Estradiol effects were similar to those of metformin but with different proportions. Our results suggest that metformin ameliorates the early alterations of metabolic parameters and rescues hepatic AMPK phosphorylation and ACC inactivation observed in ovariectomized rats.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Metformin ameliorates body mass gain and early metabolic changes in ovariectomized rats

Barthem

Rossetti

Carvalho

et al. 2019

Endocrine Connections

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“…This study has several limitations. In ovariectomized rats, the levels of plasma estrogen were found to be within the range of estrogen at all phases of the estrous cycle in intact rats, except at the proestrus phase, in which the levels were nearly two folds higher [38,39]. This suggested that higher than expected estrogen levels in postovariectomized rats could be contributed by extraovarian sources, e.g., the adrenal glands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Estrogen, progesterone, and genistein differentially regulate levels of expression of α-, β-, and γ-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and α-sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) in the uteri of sex steroid–deficient rats

2015

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“…Two weeks of the daily swimming sessions, especially in cold water (stress conditions), caused an increase in secretion of anabolic hormones: GH in both sexes, testosterone in males, and estradiol in females, which are known to influence collagen I production and deposition in cartilage and bone tissue [ 36 , 37 ]. The increased sex hormones and GH were already described for different exercise protocols and there is an interaction between GH and T release during exercise and in the recovery period [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, Prostaglandin E2 in Bones and Parathyroid Hormone; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 17-β-estradiol; Testosterone and Somatotropin in Plasma of Aging Rats Subjected to Physical Training in Cold Water

et al. 2021

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Exposure to low temperatures can be considered a stressor, which when applied for a specific time can lead to adaptive reactions. In our study we hypothesized that cold, when applied to the entire body, may be a factor that positively modifies the aging process of bones by improving the mechanisms related to the body’s mineral balance. Taking the above into account, the aim of the study was to determine the concentration of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) in bones, and to examine bone density and concentrations of the key hormones for bone metabolism, namely parathyroid hormone (PTH), somatotropin (GH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 17-β estradiol, testosterone (T) in plasma, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the bone of aging rats subjected to physical training in cold water. The animals in the experiment were subjected to a series of swimming sessions for nine weeks. Study group animals (male and female respectively) performed swimming training in cold water at 5 ± 2 °C and in water with thermal comfort temperature (36 ± 2 °C). Control animals were kept in a sedentary condition. Immersion in cold water affects bone mineral metabolism in aging rats by changing the concentration of Ca, Mg, and P in the bone, altering bone mineral density and the concentration of key hormones involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism. The effect of cold-water immersion may be gender-dependent. In females, it decreases Ca and Mg content in bones while increasing bone density and 17-β estradiol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels, and with a longer perspective in aging animals may be positive not only for bone health but also other estrogen-dependent tissues. In males, cold water swimming decreased PTH and PGE2 which resulted in a decrease in phosphorus content in bones (with no effect on bone density), an increase in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and increase in T and GH, and may have positive consequences especially in bones and muscle tissue for the prevention of elderly sarcopenia.

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Thyroid Hormone and Estrogen Regulate Exercise-Induced Growth Hormone Release

Cited by 9 publications

References 49 publications

Metformin ameliorates body mass gain and early metabolic changes in ovariectomized rats

Metformin ameliorates body mass gain and early metabolic changes in ovariectomized rats

Estrogen, progesterone, and genistein differentially regulate levels of expression of α-, β-, and γ-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and α-sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) in the uteri of sex steroid–deficient rats

Concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, Prostaglandin E2 in Bones and Parathyroid Hormone; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; 17-β-estradiol; Testosterone and Somatotropin in Plasma of Aging Rats Subjected to Physical Training in Cold Water

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