Thyroid gland volume and echo structure in 13-year-old children in northern Finland

Takalo, Reijo; Mäkäräinen, H; Jaakkola, R. Kaarina

doi:10.1530/acta.0.1240238

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…When comparing these data obtained for 13 year olds with those reported by others, it may be concluded that our data are more similar to those obtained in countries with either very high (Japan: Ueda, 1990), optimal (Sweden: Gutekunst et al, 1985;Ivarsson et al, 1989 or Finland: Takalo et al, 1991) or marginally deficient iodine intake (Belgium: Chanoine et al, 1991) than to those from former West Germany (Gutekunst et al, 1985;Müller-Leise et al, 1988;Klingmüller et al, 1989;Homoki and Teller, 1990;Menken et al, 1992) which until recenctly was considered an iodine deficient country and where the thyroid volume was about twice as high as in Slovakia. Similarly, increased thyroid volumes were obtained by ultrasonography in a survey of 15,753 schoolchildren of 6 to 13 years of age from Poland, where the iodine intake is still low (Golkowski, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in school children and adolescents in Slovakia after 40 years of iodine prophylaxis

Langer

Tajtáková²,

Podoba³

et al. 2009

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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The thyroid volume (by ultrasonographic volumetry) was estimated in 4,254 schoolchildren and adolescents 6-18 years of age from 12 districts of Slovakia and urinary iodine (by dry alkaline ashing followed by spectrophotometry) in 1,174 spot urine samples. No differences in thyroid volume or in iodine excretion between individual districts were found. Similarly, no differences in thyroid volume between sexes were found up to the age of 14 years, however, thereafter, such volumes were considerably higher in boys. When comparing our cummulated data with those reported by others for a population with optimal iodine intake, it was found: 1. the medians for most of the examined age groups were slightly higher, 2. the percentage of values which were higher than 97 percentiles of normal population was 3.01 for the age of 6-14 years, while that for the age of 15-18 years was 9.04. Only 35.9% of all values of urinary iodine were in the optimal range (i.e. 10-20 mud/dl), while 56.1 were less than 10 micrograms/dl and 15.9% less than 5 micrograms/dl, the remaining 8.0% over 20 micrograms/dl. In spite of long-term iodine prophylaxis (since 1949), the intake of iodine apparently is still not satisfactory, since a considerable amount of individuals appeared to be iodine deficient on the day of examination. Iodine intake, however, may be marginally sufficient up to the age of about 13-14 years, while later a higher number of enlarged thyroids was found which may be classified as goitre endemy grade I.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in school children and adolescents in Slovakia after 40 years of iodine prophylaxis

Langer

Tajtáková²,

Podoba³

et al. 2009

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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“…Thyroid volumes were calculated using the formula (height (a) x length (b) x thickness (c) x π/6). The volumes of both thyroid lobes were calculated separately and the sum of the volumes of both lobes was accepted as thyroid volume (16,17). For the determination of goiter, World Health Organization and International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders criteria were used.…”

Section: Laboratory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Adolescents after Elimination of Iodine Deficiency in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey

Baştemir

Emral

Erdoğan

et al. 2006

Thyroid

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In the present study we evaluated the effects of iodine intake on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, autoimmunity, and goiter in two regions with different iodine status after two years of iodization in Turkey. In total 1733 adolescent subjects were enrolled into the study (993 from an iodine-sufficient area--the Eastern Black Sea Region (group 1) and 740 from an iodine-deficient area--Middle Anatolia (group 2)). We measured free thyroxine (FT(4)), thyrotropin (TSH), antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (Anti-TPO), antithyroglobulin antibodies (Anti-Tg), and urinary iodine (UI), and examined the thyroid gland by ultrasound. Median urinary iodine excretion was found to be significantly different in group 1 and group 2 (139 micro/l vs 61micro/l, p < 0.001). Hyperthyroidism was more frequent in group 1 (3.6% vs 0.7%; p < 0.001), but the hypothyroidism rate was similar between groups (1.8% vs 1.4 %; p>0.05). The percentage of anti-Tg positive subjects was found to be 17.6% in group 1 and 6.4% in group 2; that of anti-TPO positive subjects was 4.3% in group 1 and 1.5% in group 2. The prevalence of antithyroid antibody (anti-Tg and/or anti-TPO) positivity was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (18.52% vs 6.62%; p < 0.001). Thyroid volumes of the hyperthyroid subjects in both groups were significantly higher than hypo- and euthyroid subjects. In conclusion, iodine supplementation in Turkey has resulted in the elimination of iodine deficiency in the Eastern Black Sea Region, and this has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid dysfunction.

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“…Thyroid volumes were calculated using the formula (height (a) £ length (b) £ thickness (c) £ p/6). The volumes of both thyroid lobes were calculated separately and the sum of the volumes of both lobes was accepted as thyroid volume (22,23). For the determination of goiter, World Health Organization and International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders criteria were used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power station accident on the Turkish population

Emral

Baştemir

Güllü

et al. 2003

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: The Chernobyl accident caused widespread effects across Europe and huge areas were radiocontaminated. The major impact of the accident on human health was a sharp increase in childhood thyroid carcinoma and autoimmune thyroid diseases in exposed populations. The thyroidal effects of the Chernobyl accident have been investigated in most European countries, except Turkey. The aim of the current study was therefore to determine the thyroidal consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power station accident in a selected Turkish population. Design: This study was designed as a sectional, area study, between October 2000 and March 2001, in two different regions of Turkey. According to the data of the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, the eastern part of the Black Sea region was the most radiocontaminated area in Turkey at the time of Chernobyl accident, while Middle Anatolia was not seriously affected. Thus, Rize city, which is located in the eastern Black Sea region, served as a study area, and 970 adolescents, living in this region, comprised our study group (group R). On the other hand, Beypazarı, which is located in Middle Anatolia was choosen as the control region, and 710 adolescents living in this location were enrolled into the study as controls (group B). Methods: During the study, thyroid ultrasounds were performed in all subjects and thyroid volumes were calculated. World Health Organization and International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders criteria were used for the determination of goiter. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy with ultrasound guidance was performed when a nodule was detected. Blood samples for thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibodies, and urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were collected from all subjects. Results: Thyroid function tests were similar in both groups, but thyroid volumes were found to be higher in group B ð13:93^5:04 vs 17:66^5:58 ml; P , 0:001Þ: The prevalence of goiter was found to be 28.25% in group R and 61.95% in group B ðP , 0:001Þ: Thyroid nodules were determined in 6.28% of subjects in group R and 4.22% of subjects in group B ðP ¼ 0:065Þ: No malignant lesions were found in either of the regions. Although the percentage of autoantibody-positive subjects did not differ between groups (21.25% in group R vs 18.72% in group B), the mean antithyroglobulin level was found to be higher in group R ð63:25^378:60 vs 51:97^333:32 IU=ml; P , 0:001Þ and the mean anti-thyroid peroxidase level was higher in group B ð24:14^219:09 vs 48:82^568:50 IU=ml; P , 0:001Þ: The iodine status of the selected regions was found to be significantly different (median urinary iodine excretion was 131 mg/l in Rize and 54 mg/l in Beypazarı). Conclusions: Although there was a slight increase in nodule prevalence and thyroid antibody-positive subjects in the study group, it is hard to conclude that Turkey was affected by the Chernobyl accident. These results, at least the significant differences with regard to the prevalence of goiters between groups, m...

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Thyroid gland volume and echo structure in 13-year-old children in northern Finland

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in school children and adolescents in Slovakia after 40 years of iodine prophylaxis

Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in school children and adolescents in Slovakia after 40 years of iodine prophylaxis

High Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Adolescents after Elimination of Iodine Deficiency in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey

Thyroid consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power station accident on the Turkish population

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