Thyroid Disorders

Abstract

All forms of thyroid diseases are much more frequently observed in women than men, although the reasons are still not completely elucidated.Hyperthyroidism is defined by elevated circulating free thyroid hormones. The prevalence is about 2 % in women and 0.2 % in men. The most frequent causes are various forms of thyroid autonomy in elderly women and Graves' disease, which occurs mostly in younger women.Hypothyroidism is defined by a lack of thyroid hormones. It is a common endocrine disorder caused by autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis), iodine deficiency or following surgery or radioiodine therapy. Thyroxine requirements depend on fat-free mass and are, therefore, somewhat higher in males who are more often undersubstituted. In pregnancy lower TSH-reference ranges have to be considered and thyroid function should be monitored throughout pregnancy to avoid harm to the foetus caused by maternal thyroid dysfunctions. If overtreated women more often feature fractures, whereas males more often develop atrial fibrillation.

Radiojodoterapia w chorobie Gravesa-Basedowa — czynniki wpływające na skuteczność leczenia w oparciu o analizę retrospektywną

“…This makes the choice of correct therapeutic activity of radioiodine fairly difficult [4]. What is more, because of increased vascularisation and greater metabolic activity of thyrocytes in GD, the turnover of radioiodine is usually accelerated during treatment [5]. As a result, the effect of the 131 I ionising radiation on thyrocytes is shorter, and this lowers the efficacy of radioiodine therapy.…”

<i>In Vivo</i> Evaluation of 1-Benzyl-4-aminoindole-Based Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Agonists: Importance of Liver Selectivity in Drug Discovery

“…5) Because TH receptors are ubiquitously expressed in humans, plasma levels of circulating TH affect various physiological pathways and are associated with a number of pathological states such as hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by decreased serum cholesterol and triacylglycerides (TG) levels, body weight loss, tachycardia, palpitation, muscle wasting, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 6) Both academia and industry are making numerous efforts to separate TH beneficial effects such as cholesterol lowering and body weight loss from their other hormonal functions. 3,[7][8][9][10] Studies in TR-mutant mice suggest that TRβ is responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of TH.…”

New thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy needle. Prospective, randomized, clinical study

“…During the past two decades, according to widespread use of ultrasonography (US) for evaluation of thyroid and nonthyroid neck diseases prevalence of clinically inapparent thyroid nodules is increased, estimated at 20% to 76% in the general population [3,4]. Although cosmesis and local compressive symptoms are the indications for thyroid surgery, most often cause of thyroidectomy is the risk of malignancy in the noduler diseases [5,6].…”

“…During the past two decades, according to widespread use of ultrasonography (US) for evaluation of thyroid and nonthyroid neck diseases prevalence of clinically inapparent thyroid nodules is increased, estimated at 20% to 76% in the general population [3,4]. Although cosmesis and local compressive symptoms are the indications for thyroid surgery, most often cause of thyroidectomy is the risk of malignancy in the noduler diseases [5,6].Because of the high prevalence of nodular thyroid disease, it is essential to develop and follow a reliable, cost-effective strategy for diagnosis and management [7]. Diagnosis and management of malign transformation of the nodules US guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) remains the gold standard [8,9].…”