Thyroid Carcinoma

Abstract

Thyroid nodules are approximately 4 times more common in women than in men. Palpable nodules increase in frequency throughout life, reaching a prevalence of approximately 5% in the United States population aged 50 years and older. 1-3 Nodules are even more prevalent when the thyroid gland is examined at autopsy or surgery, or when using ultrasonography, and 50% of these have nodules, which are almost always benign. 2,4 New nodules develop at a rate of approximately 0.1% per year beginning in early life, but at a much higher rate (~2% per year) after exposure to head and neck irradiation. 5,6 By contrast, thyroid carcinoma is uncommon. For the United States population, the lifetime risk of NCCN

B7-H4 Expression is Associated with Cancer Progression and Predicts Patient Survival in Human Thyroid Cancer

“…In recent dec¬ades, thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy that has rapidly increased in global incidence (Jemal et al, 2011), and it now is increasing faster than other malignancy (Xie et al, 2012;Siegel et al, 2013). Although the death rate of thyroid cancer is relatively low, the rate of disease recurrence is high, which is asso¬ciated with increased patient morbidity and mortality (Tuttle et al, 2010). Certainly, a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to the formation of thyroid cancer is needed if better methods of prevention, detection, and treatment are to be developed.…”

Clinical Responses to Vemurafenib in Patients with Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer Harboring BRAFV600EMutation

“…Cytotoxic systemic therapy plays a very limited role in durable disease control of PTC (5). Recently, molecularly targeted therapy for PTC, especially small molecules targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), have been evaluated in clinical trials with great promise and are emerging as standard of care for patients with progressive, radioactive iodine-refractory disease (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). However, other kinases that drive the growth, invasion, and survival of PTC cells and facilitate resistance to VEGFR targeting drugs may be appropriate targets for therapy as well.…”

Evolution in the profile of thyroid cancer cases treated in an oncology reference service: what changed in the last 20 years

“…The association of neck dissection and adjuvant radioiodine are matters of constant debate, both lacking level I evidence to be formally indicated. According to the last consensus of specialist societies in thyroid disease, neck dissection is indicated only in the presence of clinically detectable nodal disease [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . Adjuvant radioiodine therapy should be administered in high-risk patients and avoided in low-risk ones, and may or may not be used in moderate risk cases 11,18,19 .…”