Thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease: A review of molecular aspects and clinical outcomes

Lopes, Natália Medeiros Dias; Lens, Hannah Hamada Mendonça; Armani, André; Marinello, Poliana Camila; Cecchini, Alessandra Lourenço

doi:10.1016/j.prp.2020.153098

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…40 Hashimoto disease/hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid autoimmune disease and it is associated with a high risk of HCC; 12 however, whether thyroid autoimmunity is a precursor of thyroid cancer is somewhat disputed. 41,42 Thus there may yet be other reasons; liver cancer is marginally increased in families of patients with nonmedullary thyroid cancer but no associated genes have been identified. 43,44 The major limitation of the study is the scarcity of data, particularly on rare cancers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second Primary Cancers After Liver, Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancers, and These Cancers as Second Primary Cancers

Zheng¹,

Sundquist²,

Sundquist³

et al. 2021

CLEP

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Background Second primary cancers (SPCs) are important clinically as they may negatively influence patient survival and they may tell about therapeutic side effects and general causes of cancer. Population-based literature concerning SPCs after hepatobiliary cancers is limited and here we assess risks of SPCs after hepatocellular cancer (HCC), and cancers of the gallbladder, bile ducts and ampulla of Vater. In reverse order, we consider the risk of hepatobiliary cancers as SPCs after any cancer. Methods We used standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) to estimate bidirectional relative risks of subsequent cancers associated with hepatobiliary cancers. Cancer diagnoses were obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry from years 1990 through 2015. Results We identified 9997 primary HCCs, 1365 gallbladder cancers and 4721 bile duct cancers. After HCC, risks of four SPCs were increased: gallbladder (SIR = 4.38; 95% confidence interval 1.87–8.67), thyroid (4.13; 1.30–9.70), kidney (2.92; 1.66–4.47) and squamous cell skin (1.55; 1.02–2.26) cancers. In reverse order, HCC as SPC, in addition to the above cancers, associations included upper aerodigestive tract, esophageal, small intestinal and bladder cancers and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. For gallbladder and bile duct cancers, associations were found with small intestinal and pancreatic cancers. Conclusion The results suggested that HCC is associated with two types of SPC, one related to shared environmental risk factors, such as alcohol, exemplified by upper aerodigestive tract and esophageal cancer, and the other related to immune dysfunction, exemplified by squamous cell skin cancer. SPCs associated with gallbladder and bile duct cancers suggest predisposition to mutations in the mismatch repair gene MLH1.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second Primary Cancers After Liver, Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancers, and These Cancers as Second Primary Cancers

Zheng¹,

Sundquist²,

Sundquist³

et al. 2021

CLEP

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“…Chronic abnormal stimulation by TSAbs may lead to more aggressiveness of thyroid cancer in patients with GD [ 22 ]. However, recent studies indicated that humoral immune response triggered by GD was protective against thyroid cancer [ 23 ]. Increased concentration of activated NK cells or M1 macrophage provided tumor-protective immunity, which resulted in less aggressive thyroid cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer in patients with Graves’ disease: a propensity score-matched analysis

Kwon

Moon

2020

World J Surg Onc

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Background Patients with Graves’ disease (GD) are at a 2.5 times higher risk of developing thyroid cancer than the general population. Previous studies reported conflicting results about the prognosis of thyroid cancer concomitant with GD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GD to the recurrence rates of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods We reviewed 3628 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC at the Ewha Womans University Medical Center from January 2006 to June 2014. Of those, 114 patients had non-occult PTC with concomitant GD. To reduce potential confounding effects and selection bias, we conducted 1:5 propensity score matching and analyzed the recurrence-free survival. Results Thyroid cancer in patients with GD showed lower rate of lymphatic invasion (1.8% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.037), microscopic resection margin involvement (0.9% vs. 5.8%; p = 0.024), and lymph node metastasis (29.8% vs. 37.3%; p = 0.001) than in patients without GD, respectively. During the median follow-up of 94.1 months, recurrence occurred in one patient (0.9%) with GD. After propensity score matching for adjusting clinicopathological features, 5-year recurrence-free survival was comparable between patients with GD and euthyroid patients (100% vs. 98.4%, p = 0.572). Both tumor size [hazard ratio (HR) 1.585, p < 0.001] and lymph node metastasis (HR for N1a 3.067, p = 0.024; HR for N1b 15.65, p < 0.001) were predictive factors for recurrence-free survival, while GD was not associated with the recurrence. Conclusions Our data suggest that GD does not affect the prognosis of PTC. Thyroid cancer in patients with GD is not more aggressive than in euthyroid patients.

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“…Early symptoms of HT can be non-specific and are easily confused with a number of other thyroid disorders, such as simple goiter ( 38 ). Furthermore, the diagnosis of HT requires a combination of clinical symptoms and a variety of laboratory tests, including B-flow ultrasonic imaging and indicators of thyroid function and autoantibodies, but there is no single specific laboratory test that can be currently used to diagnose HT ( 39 ). Hence, understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis may lead to identification of biomarkers that can predict the course of HT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long non‑coding RNA expression profiles identify lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 as a potential novel blood biomarker for Hashimoto's thyroiditis

et al. 2020

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly recognized as important immune checkpoints involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the exact role of lncRNAs in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been rarely studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of lncRNAs and the potential biomarkers in HT, a total of 33 patients with HT and 32 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the present study, and five patients and five healthy controls were investigated using next generation sequencing. A total of 218 dysregulated lncRNAs, including 94 upregulated and 124 downregulated lncRNAs, were identified and examined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with HT. The majority of the lncRNAs were intergenic and exonic (66.06%). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis demonstrated that abnormally expressed lncRNAs were enriched in the 'NF-kB expression', in the 'TGF-β signaling pathway' and in the 'JAK-STAT signaling pathway', which are associated with the immunopathogenic mechanisms of HT. In total, three lncRNAs (LOC729737, XLOC_I2_006631 and BC041964) were validated and had a trend identical to that detected by the sequencing results. The expression of lncRNA-XLOC_I2_006631 was upregulated and was positively correlated with the serum concentrations of anti-thyroperoxidase antibody in patients with HT. Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) was identified as the potential regulatory gene of lncRNA-XLOC_I2_006631 using a prediction program. The expression of MECP2 was increased and was positively correlated with the elevated expression levels of lncRNA-XLOC_I2_006631 and anti-thyroperoxidase antibody in patients with HT. Furthermore, lncRNA-XLOC_I2_006631 was able to regulate MECP2 expression in vitro . Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that lncRNA-XLOC_I2_006631 has a potential diagnostic value. Collectively, the present results indicated the important role of dysregulated lncRNAs in HT and demonstrated that lncRNA-XLOC_I2_006631 functioned as a positive regulator of MECP2 expression, suggesting a potential mechanism. Thus, lncRNA-XLOC_I2_006631 may be used as a biomarker of HT.

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Thyroid cancer and thyroid autoimmune disease: A review of molecular aspects and clinical outcomes

Cited by 33 publications

References 77 publications

Second Primary Cancers After Liver, Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancers, and These Cancers as Second Primary Cancers

Second Primary Cancers After Liver, Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancers, and These Cancers as Second Primary Cancers

Prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer in patients with Graves’ disease: a propensity score-matched analysis

Long non‑coding RNA expression profiles identify lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 as a potential novel blood biomarker for Hashimoto's thyroiditis

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