Thyroid Cancer

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing in incidence, but the mortality rate remains flat. Debate has arisen over the need to detect or treat most thyroid cancers early, given their favorable natural history. The appropriate extent of surgery for thyroid cancer is also controversial: some researchers advocate partial and others total thyroidectomy; some advocate prophylactic central cervical lymph node dissection, whereas others only rarely recommend lymphadenectomy. Although radioactive iodine is effective, its appropriate use and dosage remain controversial. In addition, molecular analysis of thyroid cancer is frequently used for diagnostic purposes involving preoperative fine-needle biopsy specimens as well as to define targetable pathways altered in the disease to guide clinical trials of drug therapy for advanced thyroid cancers.

The immune network in thyroid cancer

“…Risk factors for TC include being female, having a history of goiter or thyroid nodule, a family history of TC, low-iodine diet, radiation exposure and obesity. 5 …”

“…ATC accounts for 2-5% of TCs and is one of the most aggressive and lethal human malignancies. 5 PTC is associated with mutations in genes that encode for effectors involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the PI3K-AKT pathway, including RET (encoding proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor ret), RAS genes (which encode small GTPases) and BRAF (encoding serine/threonine kinase B-raf). 6 A comprehensive multiplatform analysis of 496 PTCs found that the most common genetic alterations were found in BRAF and RAS, suggesting their pivotal role in driving the PTC initiation.…”

Long Non-Coding RNAs in Thyroid Cancer: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy

“…The first type comprises follicular cells that surround the colloid follicles and uptake iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones; anaplastic thyroid and well-differentiated tumors such as papillary and follicular can develop in these cells. The second type comprises parafollicular cells whose main function is to secrete calcitonin; parafollicular cells have attracted interest primarily as the origin of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) [1]. Thyroid cancer (TC) is the 9th most common malignancy and the most common endocrine cancer [2].…”

Identification of differential expressed lncRNAs in human thyroid cancer by a genome‐wide analyses

“…Thyroid cancer is the most common type of malignancy in endocrine, which stems from parafollicular or follicular thyroid cells 1. Several histologic types of thyroid cancer have been identified, including follicular thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma 2.…”