Thyroid calcifications

Taki, Suzuka; Terahata, Shintaro; Yamashita, Ryohei; Kinuya, Keiko; Nobata, Koji; Kakuda, Kiyoshi; Kodama, Yuko; Yamamoto, Ikuo

doi:10.1016/s0899-7071(03)00190-6

Cited by 103 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…There are a few reports suggesting that a considerable portion of the macrocalcified nodules are malignant. Taki, et al2 reported that 43% (6/14) of nodules with peripheral calcification were histopathologically proved to be papillary carcinoma. Kim, et al1 evaluated 174 nodules with macrocalcification and 66% (116/174) proved to be malignant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that microcalcifications are associated with thyroid malignancy. However, there have been controversies about the interpretation of macrocalcifications 1,2…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only a few reports about US findings of macrocalcified nodules are associated with malignancy 1,2. Moreover, insufficient data was used to suggest which type of macrocalcifications was suggestive of malignancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thyroid Nodules with Macrocalcification: Sonographic Findings Predictive of Malignancy

et al. 2014

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PurposeTo analyze which sonographic features of thyroid nodules with macrocalcifications were predictable of thyroid malignancy.Materials and MethodsWe reviewed sonographic findings of 854 macrocalcified thyroid nodules in patients who underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy between December 2009 and January 2011. There were 171 non-diagnostic aspirations, 34 nodules with category 3, 4, 5 based on Bethesda system, which were not confirmed by surgery, and these nodules were excluded from the analysis. Sonographic characteristics of the macrocalcifications including its thickness, interruption, and existence of soft tissue rim outside the macrocalcification were analyzed. Other sonographic characteristics of nodules such as shape, margin, composition, echo pattern, vascularity, and underlying parenchymal echogenicity were also evaluated. The correlation of sonographic features with cytopathologic results and the diagnostic performance of sonographic features for the prediction of malignancy were analyzed.ResultsAmong 649 nodules, 179 (27.6%) nodules were malignant and 470 (72.4%) nodules were benign. Among the features of the macrocalcification, interruption, irregular thickness, or the presence of soft tissue outside calcification rim were associated with malignancy (p<0.001). A high sensitivity and negative predictive values for the prediction of malignancy was found in sonographic characteristics of irregular thickness (92.2% and 91.0%, respectively) and the presence of soft tissue (88.5% and 88.8%, respectively).ConclusionSonographic characteristics of macrocalcification such as interruption, irregular thickness and the presence of soft tissue rim were associated with malignancy in thyroid nodules with macrocalcifications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that microcalcifications are associated with thyroid malignancy. However, there have been controversies about the interpretation of macrocalcifications 1,2…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thyroid Nodules with Macrocalcification: Sonographic Findings Predictive of Malignancy

et al. 2014

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“…On one hand, degeneration of follicular cell lesions that leads to cystic formation due to infarction, hemorrhage, subsequent fibrosis, and occasionally calcification, with the latter being the final stage of scarring from a histopathological standpoint [ 50 ]. Macrocalcifications may be irregular in shape, and have been classified in different types according to the observations of the authors [ 16 , 26 , 51 ]. The two most commonly found classifications for macrocalcifications are described below and in Table 1 .…”

Section: Types Of Calcification In Thyroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On color or power Doppler US, a spoke-wheel vascular pattern centered on a coarse calcification is a strong argument in favor of benign follicular hyperplasia or thyroid adenoma [ 26 ]. Although a peripheral distribution can be seen in malignancy, the study results are conflicting and it is controversial if peripheral/rim coarse calcification has an increased malignancy risk [ 51 ].…”

Section: Types Of Calcification In Thyroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Calcification

Ferreira

Gimba

Vinagre

et al. 2020

IJMS

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In thyroid cancer, calcification is mainly present in classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), despite being described in benign lesions and in other subtypes of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid calcifications are classified according to their diameter and location. At ultrasonography, microcalcifications appear as hyperechoic spots ≤ 1 mm in diameter and can be named as stromal calcification, bone formation, or psammoma bodies (PBs), whereas calcifications > 1 mm are macrocalcifications. The mechanism of their formation is still poorly understood. Microcalcifications are generally accepted as a reliable indicator of malignancy as they mostly represent PBs. In order to progress in terms of the understanding of the mechanisms behind calcification occurring in thyroid tumors in general, and in PTC in particular, we decided to use histopathology as the basis of the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of calcification formation in thyroid cancer. We explored the involvement of molecules such as runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), osteonectin/secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) in the formation of calcification. The present review offers a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of calcification in thyroid cancer.

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Effect of Thyroid Gland Volume in Preoperative Detection of Suspected Malignant Thyroid Nodules in a Multinodular Goiter

Erbil

Barbaros²,

Salmaslıoğlu³

et al. 2008

Arch Surg

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The detection of suspected malignant thyroid nodules by ultrasonography is associated with thyroid gland volume and tumor size. Design: Prospective clinical trial. Setting: A tertiary referral center. Patients: Three hundred sixty-five patients with a multinodular goiter with coexistent dominant nodules. Main Outcome Measures: The correlation between thyroid gland volume and tumor size and the detection of suspected malignant thyroid nodules by ultrasonography. The incidence of thyroid carcinoma inside and outside the dominant nodules and thyroid gland volume and tumor size in suspected or unsuspected malignant thyroid nodules by ultrasonography were determined. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to identify the cutoffs of the tumor size and thyroid gland volume. Results: One hundred thyroid carcinomas were found in 69 (18.9%) patients. Forty-one of these carcinomas were inside the dominant nodule, whereas 59 were outside the dominant nodule. Only 9 of the 59 thyroid carcinomas outside the dominant nodules were suspected of being malignant by ultrasonography. Thyroid gland volume less than 38 mL and tumor size larger than 7 mm had 48-fold (odds ratio, 48; PϽ.001) and 21.5-fold (odds ratio, 21.5; PϽ.001) increased rates, respectively, of detecting suspected malignant thyroid nodules by ultrasonography. Conclusions: Thyroid gland volume and tumor size were significantly associated with detection of suspected malignant thyroid nodules by ultrasonography. Small thyroid gland volume was associated with detection of suspected malignant thyroid nodules in multinodular goiters.

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Thyroid calcifications

Cited by 103 publications

References 11 publications

Thyroid Nodules with Macrocalcification: Sonographic Findings Predictive of Malignancy

Thyroid Nodules with Macrocalcification: Sonographic Findings Predictive of Malignancy

Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Calcification

Effect of Thyroid Gland Volume in Preoperative Detection of Suspected Malignant Thyroid Nodules in a Multinodular Goiter

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