Thyroid Axis and Energy Balance: Focus on Animals and Implications for Humankind

Joseph‐Bravo, Patricia; Gutiérrez-Mariscal, Mariana; Jaimes-Hoy, Lorraine; Charlí, Jean-Louis

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_76-1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The combined action of TH and sex steroids on metabolism may explain some of the sex differences of HPT activity. Conditions of energy deficit due either to FR or to food deprivation inhibit the HPT axis at multiple levels ( 1 , 111 ); PVN- Trh expression and serum concentrations of TSH and TH decrease more in puber female than male rats ( 39 ), whereas inhibition occurs faster and stronger in adult males than in females ( 40 ). PVN- Trh mRNA levels and TSH, T4 and T3 serum concentrations decrease after 24 h of fasting in male rats while in females it takes 48 h to affect Trh expression and serum T3 concentration; serum corticosterone concentration is higher in females than males since the first day of fasting ( 40 ).…”

Section: The Hpt Axis In the Symphony Of Energy Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cases of energy excess provoked by high saturated-fat diet (HFD), the HPT axis is activated in male rats and mice ( 111 , 113 ), but few reports have evaluated male and female rodents simultaneously. HFD (with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids) for 40 days starting at weaning increases 2x leptin serum concentration and decreases the ratio of TT4/TT3 in male rats whereas in females, leptin concentration increases 3x with no changes in the ratio of TT4/TT3 ( 114 ).…”

Section: The Hpt Axis In the Symphony Of Energy Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During gestation, embryos depend on the hormonal milieu of the mother for an adequate development of organs and tissues, especially the brain; her nutrition, or exposure to drugs and toxins, can affect the developmental programming of the offspring ( 143 ). TH are essential in brain development, so any event that diminishes their production or signaling in the mother such as exposure to GC, stressors, toxins, or nutrient unbalance during development causes many deleterious effects in offspring brain such as decreased cognition ( 9 , 111 , 144 ); again, few reports studied differences according to sex. TSH plasma concentration is higher in female rat offspring of mothers that consume alcohol or glucose during lactation than male ( 145 ).…”

Section: Stress and Hpt Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Dimorphic Responses of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis to Energy Demands and Stress

Sotelo-Rivera

Gutiérrez-Mata

et al. 2021

Front. Endocrinol.

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The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid-axis (HPT) is one of the main neuroendocrine axes that control energy expenditure. The activity of hypophysiotropic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons is modulated by nutritional status, energy demands and stress, all of which are sex dependent. Sex dimorphism has been associated with sex steroids whose concentration vary along the life-span, but also to sex chromosomes that define not only sexual characteristics but the expression of relevant genes. In this review we describe sex differences in basal HPT axis activity and in its response to stress and to metabolic challenges in experimental animals at different stages of development, as well as some of the limited information available on humans. Literature review was accomplished by searching in Pubmed under the following words: “sex dimorphic” or “sex differences” or “female” or “women” and “thyrotropin” or “thyroid hormones” or “deiodinases” and “energy homeostasis” or “stress”. The most representative articles were discussed, and to reduce the number of references, selected reviews were cited.

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Section: The Hpt Axis In the Symphony Of Energy Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hpt Axis In the Symphony Of Energy Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stress and Hpt Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Dimorphic Responses of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis to Energy Demands and Stress

Sotelo-Rivera

Gutiérrez-Mata

et al. 2021

Front. Endocrinol.

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“…Similarly, male fighters had a significant reduction in TSH concentration after the RWL and RWG intervention, but no change was found in women at pre-competition. This hormonal response may be due to the strong influence of caloric restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis [ 41 ]. Furthermore, in order to return to the baseline, TSH values needed 15 days in men and 25 days in some women (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Supervised Making Weight on Health Markers, Hormones and Body Composition in Muay Thai Fighters

Cannataro

Cione

Gallelli

et al. 2020

Sports

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Making weight is a practice often used in combat sports. This consists of a rapid weight loss (RWL) and a subsequent rapid weight gain (RWG) in the days preceding competition. However, this practice is often carried out based on anecdotal information provided by ex-athletes or non-professionals, which has led to several adverse events. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of a supervised nutritional period of RWL/RWG on health markers, hormone concentrations, and body composition. We performed a single-arm repeated-measures (baseline, after RWL and after RWG) clinical trial with twenty-one (8F:16M) Italian Muay Thai fighters. Body mass was significantly lower after the RWL (−4.1%) while there was a significantly higher glucose availability after RWL and RWG. Blood urea nitrogen, lipid profile, and creatinine were within the normal range after RWL/RWG. Testosterone decrease significantly after RWL and RWG in the men group. Male fighters had a significant reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration after the RWL and RWG intervention, but no change was found in women at pre-competition. Bioelectrical parameters were almost fully restored after RWG. An evidence-based and individualized nutrition methodology reduces the adverse events after an RWL and RWG practice, although the impact on the hormonal profile is inevitable.

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“…The hypophysiotropic neurons of the PVH project their axons into the median eminence and release their neurotransmitters near the portal vessels that irrigate the anterior pituitary. In the rat, the hypophysiotropic TRH neurons are concentrated in the mid-caudal PVH; they express leptin receptors and receive afferents from various limbic regions, adrenergic/noradrenergic fibers from the brain stem, and NPY/AgRP/GABA ARC and POMC/CART ARC neurons, making them able to regulate thyroid economy in response to changing energy levels [ 3 , 4 , 149 ]. Based on correlative arguments, some authors [ 18 , 19 ] propose that TRH hypophysiotropic PVH neurons are the vector of the anorectic effect of TRH, but there is no concrete (functional) evidence that this is indeed the case.…”

Section: In Search Of the Central Circuits Involved In Trh Action On ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Food Intake in Mammals: An Update

Vargas,

Castro Tron,

Rodríguez Rodríguez

et al. 2024

Metabolites

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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) is an intercellular signal produced mainly by neurons. Among the multiple pharmacological effects of TRH, that on food intake is not well understood. We review studies demonstrating that peripheral injection of TRH generally produces a transient anorexic effect, discuss the pathways that might initiate this effect, and explain its short half-life. In addition, central administration of TRH can produce anorexic or orexigenic effects, depending on the site of injection, that are likely due to interaction with TRH receptor 1. Anorexic effects are most notable when TRH is injected into the hypothalamus and the nucleus accumbens, while the orexigenic effect has only been detected by injection into the brain stem. Functional evidence points to TRH neurons that are prime candidate vectors for TRH action on food intake. These include the caudal raphe nuclei projecting to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and possibly TRH neurons from the tuberal lateral hypothalamus projecting to the tuberomammillary nuclei. For other TRH neurons, the anatomical or physiological context and impact of TRH in each synaptic domain are still poorly understood. The manipulation of TRH expression in well-defined neuron types will facilitate the discovery of its role in food intake control in each anatomical scene.

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Thyroid Axis and Energy Balance: Focus on Animals and Implications for Humankind

Cited by 5 publications

References 54 publications

Sex Dimorphic Responses of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis to Energy Demands and Stress

Sex Dimorphic Responses of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis to Energy Demands and Stress

Acute Effects of Supervised Making Weight on Health Markers, Hormones and Body Composition in Muay Thai Fighters

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Food Intake in Mammals: An Update

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