Thyroid associated orbitopathy

Abstract

Thyroid associated orbitopathy, also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is typically a self-limiting autoimmune process associated with dysthyroid states. The clinical presentation may vary from very mild disease to severe irreversible sight-threatening complications. Despite ongoing basic science and clinical research, the pathogenesis and highly effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. The present article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of this common, yet poorly understood disease, which remains a challenge to the ophthalmologist.

Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy

“…The clinical activity score (CAS) in our case was 4 which predicted a good response to use of anti-inflammatory agents. 12 As the parenteral glucocorticoids have been found to be having a higher efficacy, and sensing the emergency as the vision was compromised, intravenous methylprednisolone was given 1 g/day for 5 days followed by oral steroids. The response rate to glucocorticoids is in the range of 63-73%.…”

Clinical Profile of Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy and Relationship of Exophthalmos to Serum T3,T4 Status

“…TAO may precede, coincide or follow the systemic complications of dysthyroidism 3 . TAO is an autoimmune mediated disorder where thyroid stimulating hormone receptor act as an effective autoantigen with resultant raised TSH-R antibody levels and expression 4 Euthyroid ophthalmopathy occur in 10% of presumed thyroid eye disease. 5 This study had 6%…”

Grave’s Ophthalmopathy in Patient With Overt Hypothyroidism : A Case Report

“…5 Various factors including tobacco use, elderly age group and treatment of hyperthyroidism can affect severity of ophthalmopathy in Graves' disease. 6 Graves' ophthalmopathy has been linked to cigarette smoking. 7,8 with strong evidence for a causal association between smoking and development of Grave's opthalmopathy.…”