Thyroid Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Drugs

Khalil, Rami Bou; Richa, Sami

doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e31823429a7

Cited by 75 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The methodological approaches, the test used to assess the depression, and the different sample size used in the various studies might partly justify the contrasting results. Indeed, it should be noted that including subjects under antidepressant therapy can cause a misinterpretation of the thyroid hormones (Bou Khalil et al, 2011). Considering that the prevalence of antidepressant usage increases with age, and that more than 15% of women over 70 are chronic users (Lawrenson et al, 2000), the effect could be considerable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive symptoms, thyroid hormone and autoimmunity in a population-based cohort from Sardinia

Delitala

Terracciano

Fiorillo

et al. 2016

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Objective To evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and thyroid autoimmunity, and the effect of thyroid hormone on the risk of depression. Methods We included 3138 individuals from SardiNIA project, none of whom was taking thyroid medication and antidepressants. Thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and antibodies against thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) were measured in all the sample. Depressive symptoms were assessed with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results We found no association between TPOAb and depressive symptoms and no linear association between TSH or FT4 levels and depressive symptoms. However, individuals in the lowest and highest FT4 quintiles showed a higher CES-D score compared to individuals in the middle quintile. In addition, participants in the lowest and highest FT4 quintiles had an increased risk of CES-D≥16 with odds ratios of 1.44 (95% CI = 1.09–1.89) and 1.33 (95% CI = 1.01–1.77), respectively. Limitations cross-sectional design of the study. Conclusions A U-shaped relation was found between FT4 and depressive symptoms: compared to average FT4 values, both high and low thyroid function was associated with more depressive symptoms. Further studies are necessary to determine the exact cause-effect relation of this association.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive symptoms, thyroid hormone and autoimmunity in a population-based cohort from Sardinia

Delitala

Terracciano

Fiorillo

et al. 2016

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…[7778] Baclofen, an agonist for the GABA-B receptors and long used for treatment for spasticity, is now being used as an anti-craving agent. Baclofen does not seem to have any effect on the peripheral thyroid hormones, but can produce a blunting of the TRH-stimulated TSH release in normal persons[79] though its effect on the already deranged thyroid axis needs to be studied.…”

Section: Treatment Of Alcoholism and The Thyroid Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of alcohol use on thyroid function

Balhara¹,

Deb²

2013

Indian J Endocr Metab

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Alcohol is one of the commonest illicit psychoactive substances consumed globally and is the world's third largest risk factor for disease and disability. It has been reported to have multiple effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis and the functioning of the thyroid gland. It has been reported to cause direct suppression of thyroid function by cellular toxicity, and indirect suppression by blunting thyrotropin-releasing hormone response. It causes a decrease of peripheral thyroid hormones during chronic use and in withdrawal. Alcohol use may also confer some protective effect against thyroid nodularity, goiter, and thyroid cancer. This article presents a review of the clinically relevant effects of alcohol on the functioning of the thyroid gland and also discusses the effect of medication used in treatment of alcohol dependence on thyroid function.

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“…Increased thyroid volume on ultrasonography is an expected finding in patients who have been using lithium for a long time. 17,30,[34][35][36] Bauer et al reported that thyroid enlargement that cannot be detected by palpation may be detected with ultrasonography and they recommended regular ultrasonography examinations. 22 An association was not found between thyroid volumes and hypothyroidism in lithiumtreated bipolar patients in a study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid status in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients: An one-year follow-up study - Estudio de un año de seguimiento del estado de la tiroides en pacientes con trastorno bipolar tratados con litio Estudio de un año de seguimiento del estado de la tiroides en pacientes con trastorno bipolar tratados con litio)

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY ObjectiveIn this follow-up study, the hormonal changes were determined in bipolar euthyroid patients who were treated with lithium for the duration of one year. MethodFor the study, 23 bipolar I disorder patients without any axis I comorbidity were consecutively selected and followed up for one year. All patients were compared with 25 age-and sex-matched healthy controls in terms of thyroid hormone levels and thyroid volumes. The Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Data Form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I and SCID-I/NP) were administered. Initial thyroid hormone levels and thyroid volumes were measured in the patients and controls. Patient and control groups were compared at baseline for thyroid volumes. Patients' lithium levels were measured at baseline, they were re-examined at six months for thyroid hormones, and at the first year for thyroid hormones and lithium levels. ResultsThyroid hormone levels changed in no patients during the follow-up period. Thyroid hormone levels were measured within the normal range. No correlation was found between the final TSH levels and duration of illness, duration of lithium treatment, initial thyroid volumes, and the initial TSH levels. ConclusionsLithium can safely be used in bipolar patients who were already receiving this treatment before and not developed any thyroid problem for a substantial period.Key words: Lithium, thyroid gland, bipolar disorder. RESUMEN ObjetivoEn este estudio de seguimiento se determinarán los cambios hormonales que se producen en pacientes eutiroideos con trastorno bipolar en tratamiento con litio durante un periodo de un año. MétodoPara el estudio se seleccionaron de forma consecutiva 23 pacientes con trastorno bipolar tipo I sin prevalencia concomitante de otros trastornos del eje I, y fueron seguidos durante un año. En todos los pacientes se compararon los niveles de las hormonas tiroideas y el volumen de la glándula tiroides con las del grupo control sano pareado por sexo y compuesto de sujetos de 25 años de edad. La evaluación se hizo por medio de: una hoja de datos de las características sociodemográficas y clínicas, la Escala de Valoración de Hamilton para la Evaluación de la Depresión (HDRS), la Escala de Young para la Evaluación de la Manía (YMRS), Entrevistas clínicas estructuradas para los trastornos del eje I del DSM-IV (SCID-I y SCID-I/NP). A los pacientes y al grupo control se les midieron los niveles iniciales de las hormonas tiroideas y el volumen de la glándula tiroides, a la vez que se les comparó la línea base del volumen de la glándula tiroides. Al inicio del estudio se determinó la línea base de los niveles de litio en los pacientes. Al sexto mes, se reexaminaron las hormonas tiroideas y, al cabo del primer año, los niveles hormonales tiroideos y de litio. ResultadosLos niveles de las hormonas tiroideas no sufrieron cambios en ningún paciente durante todo el seguimiento. Dichos niveles se midieron ...

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Thyroid Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Drugs

Cited by 75 publications

References 34 publications

Depressive symptoms, thyroid hormone and autoimmunity in a population-based cohort from Sardinia

Depressive symptoms, thyroid hormone and autoimmunity in a population-based cohort from Sardinia

Impact of alcohol use on thyroid function

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