Thyroid Activity in Mental Patients

Reiß, M.; Hemphill, R. E.; Maggs, Ronald; Smith, Stephen G.; Haigh, Charlotte; Reiss, Jean M.

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4716.1181

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…This is probably due to a regulatory response of the anterior pituitary to the temporary lowering of the circulating thyroid hormone level during the acute stress condition. Reiss, Hemphill, Maggs, Haigh & Reiss [1951] and Reiss [1954] have dealt with the mobilization of thyrotrophic hormone in human beings after electro-shock and other stress conditions, and also with the relation of the mobilization of thyro¬ trophic hormone and mobilization of ACTH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Stress Conditions on the Uptake of 131i by the Rat Thyroid

Badrick¹,

Brimblecombe²,

Reiss³

et al. 1954

Journal of Endocrinology

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The uptake of 131I by the thyroid of the rat has been investigated under various conditions of stress.The acute change always consists in a considerable reduction of the rate of uptake of 131I irrespective of the nature of the stress. This acute inhibition in the uptake of 131I is independent of the anterior pituitary lobe, since it occurs in the normal and hypophysectomized animal alike. It is also independent of the presence of the adrenals. The inhibition of the uptake of 131I by the thyroids occurs in vivo only; their ability to take up 131I in vitro is not impaired.All the acute changes seen under stress conditions can be readily reproduced by treatment with adrenaline, which shows the same inhibitory effect on normal and hypophysectomized animals, the action being equally transitory.It is suggested that the acute changes in thyroid function seen under stress conditions are entirely independent of the anterior pituitary and are caused by increased release of vasoconstrictor substances.An increased uptake rate of 131I by the thyroid was seen 24 hr after the acute stress. This was thought to be caused by a compensatory increase in the secretion of thyrotrophic hormone by the anterior pituitary.It has been reported previously [Haigh, Reiss & Reiss, 1954] that the rate of uptake of 131I by the human thyroid during the first hour after intravenous injection of this tracer may be considerably decreased in conditions of severe mental tension. This state was shown to be only transitory, since the thyroids of the investigated subjects showed a normal or even increased 24-hr uptake rate if their function was not other¬ wise disturbed. It was suggested that this initial inhibition of 131I uptake might be due to an increased concentration of vasoconstrictor substances in the blood. Supporting evidence was provided by preliminary experiments carried out on rabbits under Nembutal anaesthesia in which the uptake slope was completely flattened after intravenous infusion or injection of adrenaline.The investigations described in this paper were undertaken with the object of analysing the reaction of the thyroid to different stress conditions. A further purpose was to clarify and differentiate between the roles played by the pituitary, the adrenal and vasoconstrictor substances in the response of the thyroid to stress. METHODSThe rats used in this study were of the Wistar (Portón) strain. They were fed on Parkes' diet no. 41, and kept in a thermo-regulated room at 70 + 5°F. Hypophys¬ ectomy was performed by the paratracheal route and adrenalectomy by the dorsal route. 2i J. Endoc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Stress Conditions on the Uptake of 131i by the Rat Thyroid

Badrick¹,

Brimblecombe²,

Reiss³

et al. 1954

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…and insulin treatment in puerperal psychoses points to some serious endocrine imbalance; for there is much evidence that shock treatments operate through their effect BRImS MEDICAL JOURNAL upon the endocrine equilibrium, affecting notably the adrenal cortex and thyroid (Hoagland et al, 1950;Reiss et al, 1951aReiss et al, , 1951b.…”

Section: Diagnostic Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and Nature of Puerperal Psychiatric Illness

Hemphill¹

1952

BMJ

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EMPHYSEMA BIUTISH~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M EDICALJ OURNALMeasures to control infection and relieve bronchospasm are the essentials of treatment. The value and dangers of oxygen therapy are pointed out and the lethal effect of morphine is stressed. REFERENCES Aslett, E. A., Hart, P. d'A., and McMichael, J. (1939). Proc. roy. Soc. B, 126, 502. Baldwin, E. de F., Cournand. A., and Richards, D. W. (1948). MedIcile. 27, 243. (1949). Ibid., 28, 201. Bloomfield, R. A., Lauson, H. D., Cournand, A., Breed, E. S.. and Richards, D. W. (1946). J. clin. Invest., 25, 639. Brock, R. C. (1948. Thorax, 3, 88. Christie, R. V. (1934). J. din. Invest., 13, 295. -(1939). Edinb. med. J., 46, 463. -(1944a). British Medical Journal, 1, 105. -(1944b). Ibid., 1, 143. -and McIntosh, C. A. (1934) Many writers have expressed the view that no form of psychiatric illness occurring in pregnancy or the puerperium is a specific clinical entity. The general opinion seems to be that the ordinary stress and strains of pregnancy, operating in predisposed individuals, produce non-specific mental illnesses which are indistinguishable from other mental reactions and are due to the interaction of factors-the pregnancy being of psychological importance only. Brew and Seidenberg (1950) state that these disorders occur only in predisposed individuals, and disregard the possibility that a physiological or endocrine disturbance may be the primary activating factor.As other surveys have been made only on patien.s who have been admitted to mental hospitals these conclusions are not justified; and as no psychiatric survey of women confined in maternity hospitals has been undertaken there is no evidence about the importance of alleged psychogenic factors.The question has been considered afresh by studying the case records of all the women delivered at maternity hospitals in Bristol between January, 1938, and June, 1948, a period of 104 years, the cases numbering about 37,000. Physical and psychological factors were noted in order to ascertain their importance. The incidence, nature, and outcome of mental reactions were studied, and all cases of mental illness related to the puerperium or pregnancy that were treated in Bristol Mental Hospitals during the same period were examined by me, thus there was a double check and control. The tables relate to these surveys. Reference has also been made to some other cases, which were not included in the surveys as they occurred in other years or outside Bristol.

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“…According to Reiss, Hemphill, Maggs, Haigh and Reiss (1953), thyroid function returns to normal as psychological improve ment occurs. Stoll and Brack (1957), who used similar tracer methods to those of Reiss et al (1951), verified their findings as to thyroid function in chronic schizophrenics. Stevens and Dunn (1958) found values for the BMR and 24-h I 131 thyroidal uptake of schizophrenics to be in the lower p art of the norm al range, and Faurbye et al (1958) found no abnorm ality in the BMR and P B I127 concentration of six chronic hebephrenic patients.…”

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confidence: 86%

“…The doses of thyroid ex tract or thyroxine used in these studies were very high. Reiss et al (1951) suggested th a t the signs of hypothyroidism apparent in schizo phrenics (lowered BMR) were due to a dim inished sensitivity of the body tissues to thyroid hormone, an explanation which they brought forward to explain also the high tolerance to thyroid hormone found in the above studies. Since 1950, the suggestion th a t some thyroid abnorm ality is associated w ith schizophrenia has been investigated by more direct m easurem ents of thyroid activity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…On the other hand, Brody and M an (1950) reported th a t schizophrenics had radioactive iodine uptake values and P B Is w ithin the norm al range. Reiss et al (1951) found th a t thyroid activity was norm al in chronic schizophrenia, although female patients with acute schizophrenia or anxiety states on ihe Aclivity of the Central Ncrvous-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. ..…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Effect of Stress on the Activity of the Central Nervous-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Animals and Man (Part 2 of 2)

1968

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg

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Thyroid Activity in Mental Patients

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

The Influence of Stress Conditions on the Uptake of 131i by the Rat Thyroid

The Influence of Stress Conditions on the Uptake of 131i by the Rat Thyroid

Incidence and Nature of Puerperal Psychiatric Illness

A Review of the Effect of Stress on the Activity of the Central Nervous-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Animals and Man (Part 2 of 2)

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