Thymus satureioides Coss.: Mineral Composition, Nutritional Value, Phytochemical Profiling, and Dermatological Properties

Abstract

Zaitra, Thymus satureioides, is an aromatic plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. In this study, we assessed the mineral composition, nutritional value, phytocontents, and dermatological properties of the aerial parts of T. satureioides. The plant contained high contents of calcium and iron, moderate levels of magnesium, manganese, and zinc, and low contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and copper. It is rich in several amino acids, including asparagine, 4-hydroxyproline, isoleucine, and leucine, and the essential amino acids account for 60.8%. The extract contains considerable amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids (TPC = 118.17 mg GAE/g extract and TFC = 32.32 mg quercetin/g extract). It also comprises 46 secondary metabolites, identified through LC-MS/MS analysis, belonging to phenolic acids, chalcones, and flavonoids. The extract elicited pronounced antioxidant activities, inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa (MIC = 50 mg/mL), and reduced biofilm formation by up to 35.13% using the ¼ sub-MIC of 12.5 mg/mL. Moreover, bacterial extracellular proteins and exopolysaccharides were diminished by 46.15% and 69.04%, respectively. Likewise, the swimming of the bacterium was impaired (56.94% decrease) in the presence of the extract. In silico, skin permeability and sensitization effects revealed that out of the 46 identified compounds, 33 were predicted to be exempt from any skin sensitivity risk (Human Sensitizer Score ≤ 0.5), while extensive skin permeabilities were observed (Log Kp = −3.35–−11.98 cm/s). This study provides scientific evidence about the pronounced activities of T. satureioides, supports its traditional uses, and promotes its utilization in the development of new drugs, food supplements, and dermatological agents.

Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.: Volatile constituents, antioxidant, antidiabetic and wound healing activities of its essential oil

“…This scoring system operates on a scale ranging from 0 to 1, where volatile compounds with a score of 0 are least likely to cause skin sensitization, while those with a score of 1 are most likely to induce skin sensitization. Compounds that score above a certain threshold (≥0.5) are classified as skin sensitizers [ 46 ].…”

Chemical profiling and dermatological and anti-aging properties of Syzygium jambos L. (Alston): evidence from molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and in vitro experiments

“…The mineral composition of S. jambos leaves was determined by multi-elemental trace analysis using the Agilent 5110 ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) (Santa Clara, California, United States). The analyzed elements were potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) (Mahdi et al, 2023). In addition, the total nitrogen content was analyzed according to the Kjeldahl method (Baker et al, 1992).…”

“…Minerals in medicinal plants play a crucial role in their therapeutic effectiveness and overall health benefits. For instance, calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium, and iron are vital for maintaining proper body functions, including bone health, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and immune system function (Mahdi et al, 2023). In addition, minerals are also crucial in maintaining optimal skin health and function as they contribute to the overall structure, appearance, and function of the skin (Mahdi et al, 2023).…”

“…For instance, calcium, magnesium, zinc, potassium, and iron are vital for maintaining proper body functions, including bone health, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and immune system function (Mahdi et al, 2023). In addition, minerals are also crucial in maintaining optimal skin health and function as they contribute to the overall structure, appearance, and function of the skin (Mahdi et al, 2023). Calcium, for instance, promotes cell renewal and contributes to the skin's barrier function, ensuring adequate moisture retention and protection against external aggressors.…”

“…The total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, with slight adjustments made to adapt it for a 96-well plate (Chang et al, 2002). To analyze the phytochemical composition of S. jambos leaf extract, we used an HPLC-PDA-MS/MS system, which included a Shimadzu Japan system (Tokyo, Japan) connected to an MS 8050 mass spectrometer featuring an electrospray ionization (ESI) source (Mahdi et al, 2023). The separation process was conducted on a C18 reversed-phase column (Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18, 4.6 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm, Agilent).…”