Thymol screening, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Iranian populations of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae)

Abstract

The seeds of Trachyspermum ammi were gathered at the ripening stage from different regions of Iran and grouped into 14 populations (P1-P14) accordingly. The essential oil (EO) extraction yielded in the 3.16–5% range. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 11 constituents were identified. Thymol (59.92–96.4%), p-cymene (0.55–21.15%), γ-terpinene (0.23–17.78%), and carvacrol (0.41–2.77%) were the major constituents. The highest contents of thymol and carvacrol were found in the Ghayen population (P2). Also, P2 and P8 (Estahban) had the highest value of total phenol (TPC) 43.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, and total flavonoids (TFC) 8.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DW, respectively. P1 (Kalat) had the highest total coumarin (TCC) value (0.26 mg coumarin equivalent CE/g DW). Based on EO constituents, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified populations into two chemotypes of thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene and thymol/carvacrol. The highest positive correlation coefficient was between α-terpinene and limonene (0.96), while the highest negative correlation was between thymol and p-cymene (–0.984). The antioxidant activities of extracts and EOs were evaluated by phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity; TAC), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH IC50), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Also, the antimicrobial activity of EOs was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. P8 with high thymol, EO content (%v/w), TFC, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities is recommended but further studies are needed to confirm the chemotype introduction.

Topical Cryogel Application of Carboxymethylcellulose/Silane‐Modified Hyaluronic Acid Containing Trachyspermum copticum Nanoemulsions for the Treatment of Infected Wounds

“…The results showed a similar antibacterial activity in commercial ointments and 4.00 % concentration Therefore, higher concentrations of TSP NEs improved the antibacterial activities that could be attributed to the higher antibacterial activity of the active compounds. The results are also consistent with previous studies [22,46] . Previous studies have also attributed the antibacterial activity of TSP to high phenolic compounds such as thymol that damage the membrane integrity by changing pH hemostasis and equilibrium of inorganic ions.…”

“…Previous studies have also attributed the antibacterial activity of TSP to high phenolic compounds such as thymol that damage the membrane integrity by changing pH hemostasis and equilibrium of inorganic ions. Other major compounds also participate in antibacterial activities, such as γ‐terpinene and p‐cymene [46] . In the current study, thymol, γ‐terpinene and p‐cymene are major compounds and show their antibacterial activities by the mentioned mechanisms.…”

“…Other major compounds also participate in antibacterial activities, such as γterpinene and p-cymene. [46] In the current study, thymol, γterpinene and p-cymene are major compounds and show their antibacterial activities by the mentioned mechanisms. The presence of HY-Silane could increase antibacterial activities that is in agreement with previous studies.…”

“…The results are also consistent with previous studies. [22,46] Previous studies have also attributed the antibacterial activity of TSP to high phenolic compounds such as thymol that damage the membrane integrity by changing pH hemostasis and equilibrium of inorganic ions. Other major compounds also participate in antibacterial activities, such as γterpinene and p-cymene.…”

Enteric-Coated Cologrit Tablet Exhibit Robust Anti-Inflammatory Response in Ulcerative Colitis-like In-Vitro Models by Attuning NFκB-Centric Signaling Axis

“…ex A. DC, Cuminum cyminum L., Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Rosa indica L., Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. [ 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ] ( Table 2 ). Presence of Rutin in Cologrit has been traced in Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall.…”